{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1788402766600,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]],"date-time":"2012-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although substance use is associated with reduced educational attainment, this association may be owing to common risk factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage. We tested whether alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drug use and dependence were associated with lifetime educational attainment after controlling for familial background characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were from a 1987 questionnaire and a 1992 telephone diagnostic interview of 6,242 male twins (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03,121 pairs; mean age\u00a0=\u00a041.9\u00a0years in 1992) who served in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. military during the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>ietnam era and therefore, were eligible for educational benefits after military service. Reduced educational attainment (&lt;16\u00a0years) was examined in twin pairs discordant for substance use history. Substance use and dependence risk factors assessed were early alcohol and cannabis use, daily nicotine use, lifetime cannabis use, and alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and any illicit drug dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three significant differences were observed between at\u2010risk twins and their cotwins: Compared to their low\u2010risk cotwins, likelihood of completing &lt;16\u00a0years of education was significantly increased for the following: (i) twins who used alcohol before age 18 (adjusted<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.44; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.02 to 2.05), (ii) twins with a lifetime alcohol dependence diagnosis (adjusted<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.76; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.27 to 2.44), and (iii) twins who had used nicotine daily for 30 or more days (adjusted<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.54, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.55 to 4.17). However, no differences in education were observed among twin pairs discordant for cannabis initiation, early cannabis use, or cannabis, nicotine, or any illicit drug dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even in a veteran population with access to military educational benefits, early alcohol use, alcohol dependence, and daily nicotine use remained significantly associated with years of education after controlling for shared familial contributions to educational attainment. The association between other substances and educational attainment was explained by familial factors common to these substance use phenotypes and adult educational attainment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]],"date-time":"2012-05-15T17:14:53Z","timestamp":1337102093000},"page":"1412-1420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Associations of Alcohol, Nicotine, Cannabis, and Drug Use\/Dependence with Educational Attainment: Evidence from Cotwin\u2010Control Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Julia D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Research Service (151\u2010JC) St. Louis Veterans Administration Medical Center St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lynskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpana","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis E.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon Randolph","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System Menlo Park California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen K.","family":"Bucholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Alcoholism Research Center at Washington University and the Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/27.6.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02359887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.11.3.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(200001)9:1<9::AID-HEC471>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.10.1549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(93)90003-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9131-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76727-7_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1989.tb02967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000004591"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269802800205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000004608"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195088779.003.0005","volume-title":"The Genetics of Alcoholism","author":"Heath AC","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/314734a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"368","article-title":"The Vietnam Era Twin Registry: a resource for medical research","volume":"105","author":"Henderson WG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130038007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02656.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000005572"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027505281570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16200-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1561"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09645290124529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version III\u2014Revised (DIS\u2010III\u2010R)","author":"Robins LN","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76727-7_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"SAS User's Guide, Version 82","author":"SAS Institute, Inc","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 82","author":"StataCorp","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-007-0023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<473::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025409340805"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1997.58.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"The socioeconomic status of young male veterans, 1964\u20131984","volume":"73","author":"Xie Y","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(199601)5:1<77::AID-HEC184>3.0.CO;2-W"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2012.01752.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1713974897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]]}}}