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In addition, few studies have addressed the associations of codependence on other drugs with alcoholic gait and balance disturbance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This study employed the W<\/jats:styled-content>alk\u2010a\u2010Line A<\/jats:styled-content>taxia B<\/jats:styled-content>attery (F<\/jats:styled-content>regly et\u00a0al. A<\/jats:styled-content>lcohol C<\/jats:styled-content>lin E<\/jats:styled-content>xp R<\/jats:styled-content>es<\/jats:italic> 1972;43:395\u2013399) to assess gait and balance in treatment\u2010na\u00efve, actively drinking alcohol\u2010dependent men and women (TNA<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a069) who were dependent on alcohol only (ALC<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a043), or who also had a lifetime drug dependence (ALC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0DRG<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a026; i.e., methamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, and\/or marijuana), compared with nonsubstance abusing controls (NSAC<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a074).We also examined associations between lifetime alcohol use and age with gait and balance measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Our main findings were (i) no evidence of disturbed gait and balance in ALC<\/jats:styled-content> versus NSAC<\/jats:styled-content> and (ii) significantly disturbed gait and balance in ALC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0DRG<\/jats:styled-content>, relative to both NSAC<\/jats:styled-content> and ALC<\/jats:styled-content>, along with steeper age\u2010associated decline in gait and balance performance in ALC<\/jats:styled-content> versus ALC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0DRG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Our results provide evidence consistent with previous studies that TNA<\/jats:styled-content> (without a lifetime drug codependence) may represent a population that is different and less impaired (including in gait and balance) than treated alcoholics. Additionally, we provide evidence that ALC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0DRG<\/jats:styled-content>, with greater alcohol use and family drinking density than ALC<\/jats:styled-content>, have an accelerated effect of age on gait and balance disturbance compared with both NSAC<\/jats:styled-content> and ALC<\/jats:styled-content>. The ALC<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0DRG<\/jats:styled-content> group likely represents a subset of TNA<\/jats:styled-content> with different characteristics than ALC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01772.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T01:02:32Z","timestamp":1330995752000},"page":"1550-1562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Gait and Balance in Treatment\u2010Na\u00efve Active Alcoholics with and without a Lifetime Drug Codependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Fein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobehavioral Research, Inc Honolulu Hawaii"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Hawai'i Honolulu Hawaii."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobehavioral Research, Inc Honolulu 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