{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1789926472955,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,6]],"date-time":"2012-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Alcohol abuse is frequently associated with nicotine (Nic) use. The current experiments were conducted to establish an oral operant ethanol\u00a0+\u00a0Nic (E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic) co\u2010use model and to characterize some aspects of E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic co\u2010use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Rats were allowed to choose between E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content> alone or E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic solutions. Additionally, alcohol\u2010preferring (P)<\/jats:styled-content> rats were allowed to concurrently self\u2010administer 3 distinct E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content> solutions (10, 20, and 30%) with varying amounts of Nic (0.07, 0.14, or 0.21\u00a0mg\/ml) under operant conditions. P<\/jats:styled-content> rats were also allowed to concurrently self\u2010administer 2 distinct amounts of Nic (0.07 and 0.14\u00a0mg\/ml) added to saccharin (Sacc; 0.025%) solutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>During acquisition, P<\/jats:styled-content> rats responded for the E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic solutions at the same level as for E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content> alone, and responding for E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0Nic solutions was present throughout all drinking conditions. P<\/jats:styled-content> rats also readily maintained stable self\u2010administration behaviors for N<\/jats:styled-content>ic\u00a0+\u00a0S<\/jats:styled-content>acc solutions. The results demonstrated that P<\/jats:styled-content> rats readily acquired and maintained stable self\u2010administration behaviors for E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a00.07 and E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a00.14\u00a0mg\/ml N<\/jats:styled-content>ic solutions. Self\u2010administration of E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a00.21\u00a0mg\/ml N<\/jats:styled-content>ic was established in only 50% of the subjects. P<\/jats:styled-content> rats readily expressed seeking behaviors for the E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic solutions and reacquired E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic self\u2010administration during relapse testing. In addition, tail blood samples indicated that E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic co\u2010use resulted in pharmacologically relevant levels of both E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content> and N<\/jats:styled-content>ic in the blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Overall, the results indicate that P<\/jats:styled-content> rats readily consume E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic solutions concurrently in the presence of E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content> alone, express drug\u2010seeking behaviors, and will concurrently consume physiologically relevant levels of both drugs. These results support the idea that this oral operant E<\/jats:styled-content>tOH<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0N<\/jats:styled-content>ic co\u2010use model would be suitable for studying the development of co\u2010abuse and the consequences of long\u2010term chronic co\u2010abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01800.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,6]],"date-time":"2012-04-06T18:19:10Z","timestamp":1333736350000},"page":"1963-1972","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Development of an Oral Operant Nicotine\/Ethanol Co\u2010Use Model in Alcohol\u2010Preferring (P<\/scp>) Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sheketha R.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatric Research Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon 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