{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:35:11Z","timestamp":1771947311978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure has been associated with pre\u2010 and postnatal growth restriction, but little is known about the natural history of this restriction throughout childhood or the effects of prenatal alcohol on body composition. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure on longitudinal growth and body composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010five heavy drinking pregnant women (\u22652\u00a0drinks\/d or \u22654\u00a0drinks\/occasion) and 63 abstaining and light\u2010drinking controls (&lt;1\u00a0drink\/d, no binging) were recruited at initiation of prenatal care in an urban obstetrical clinic in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ape <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>own, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frica and prospectively interviewed during pregnancy about alcohol, smoking, drug use, and demographics. Among their children, length\/height, weight, and head circumference were measured at 6.5 and 12\u00a0months and at 5 and 9\u00a0years. Percent body fat (BF) was estimated at age 9\u00a0years using bioelectric impedance analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In multiple regression models with repeated measures (adjusted for confounders), heavy alcohol exposure was associated with reductions in weight (0.6\u00a0SD), length\/height (0.5\u00a0SD), and head circumference (0.9\u00a0cm) from 6.5\u00a0months to 9\u00a0years that were largely determined at birth. These effects were exacerbated by iron deficiency in infancy but were not modified by iron deficiency or measures of food security at 5\u00a0years. An alcohol\u2010related postnatal delay in weight gain was seen at 12\u00a0months. Effects on head circumference were greater at age 9 than at other age points. Although heavy alcohol exposure was not associated with changes in body composition, children with fetal alcohol syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>) and partial fetal alcohol syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFAS<\/jats:styled-content>) had lower percent BF than heavy exposed nonsyndromal and control children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is related to prenatal growth restriction that persists through age 9\u00a0years and an additional delay in weight gain during infancy. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFAS<\/jats:styled-content> diagnoses are associated with leaner body composition in later childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01810.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]],"date-time":"2012-08-15T16:04:58Z","timestamp":1345046698000},"page":"1973-1982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Effects of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Iron Deficiency Anemia on Child Growth and Body Composition through Age 9\u00a0Years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Colin Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine Children's Hospital Boston Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of 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