{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:15:06Z","timestamp":1775016906091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animals exposed to alcohol during the developmental period develop many physiological and behavioral problems because of neuronal loss in various brain areas including the hypothalamus. Because alcohol exposure is known to induce oxidative stress in developing neurons, we tested whether hypothalamic cells from the fetal brain exposed to ethanol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>) may alter the cell\u2013cell communication between neurons and microglia, thereby leading to increased oxidative stress and the activation of apoptotic processes in the neuronal population in the hypothalamus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using enriched neuronal and microglial cells from fetal rat hypothalami, we measured cellular levels of various oxidants (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acer1889-math-0001.gif\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:01456008:media:acer1889:acer1889-math-0001\"\/>, reactive oxygen species, nitrite), antioxidants (glutathione [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>]), antioxidative enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GSH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>x], catalase, superoxide dismutase) and apoptotic death in neurons in the presence and absence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated microglial culture medium. Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of antioxidative agents in preventing<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated microglial conditioned medium actions on oxidative stress and apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuronal cell cultures showed increased oxidative stress, as demonstrated by higher cellular levels of oxidants but lower levels of antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, as well as, increased apoptotic death following treatment with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>. These effects of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>on oxidative stress and cell death were enhanced by the presence of microglia. Antioxidative agents protected developing hypothalamic neurons from oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis which is caused by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated microglial culture medium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data suggest that exposure of developing hypothalamic neurons to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>t<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>increases cellular apoptosis via the effects on oxidative stress of neurons directly and via increasing production of microglial\u2010derived factor(s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01889.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T14:07:22Z","timestamp":1343052442000},"page":"252-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Microglia Play a Role in Ethanol\u2010Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Developing Hypothalamic Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nadka I.","family":"Boyadjieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Program Department of Animal Sciences (NIB, DKS) Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dipak K.","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Program Department of Animal Sciences (NIB, DKS) Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New 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