{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:46:50Z","timestamp":1790938010446,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Executive function (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content>) impairment in alcohol dependence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>) has been related to the toxic effects of alcohol on frontal lobes. However, this impairment could be partially present before the onset of the disease and might constitute a vulnerability factor. Although a considerable body of research has investigated executive functioning among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> patients, much less attention has been directed toward high\u2010risk individuals. Most studies were carried out among children or adolescents, and very few were conducted in adults. The aim of this study was to examine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> in a group of adult offspring of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and fifty\u2010five nonalcoholic adults with (family history positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">[FHP<\/jats:styled-content>]) or without (family history negative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">[FHN<\/jats:styled-content>]) family history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> were included in the study. All participants were screened for past and current psychiatric diagnoses, and alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use. They were compared on self\u2010rated impulsiveness using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale\u201011 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BIS<\/jats:styled-content>\u201011) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> using a neuropsychological test battery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group comparison revealed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHP<\/jats:styled-content> participants had significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BIS<\/jats:styled-content>\u201011 scores than the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHN<\/jats:styled-content> participants, while neuropsychological examination revealed lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> scores for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHP<\/jats:styled-content> participants. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> family members was a predictor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> results, whereas impulsiveness was not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonalcoholic adult offspring of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> individuals showed increased impulsiveness and decreased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting weakness of 2 distinct neurobehavioral decision systems. Findings support evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EF<\/jats:styled-content> weaknesses may qualify as a suitable endophenotype candidate for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01903.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T15:47:59Z","timestamp":1355500079000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Executive Functions in Adult Offspring of Alcohol\u2010Dependent Probands: Toward a Cognitive Endophenotype?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Fabien","family":"Gierski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Reims University Hospital Reims France"},{"name":"C2S Laboratory (EA 6291) Reims Champagne\u2010Ardenne University Reims 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