{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:10:10Z","timestamp":1785499810290,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]],"date-time":"2012-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal alcohol\u2010related growth restriction persists through infancy, but its impact later in life is less clear. Animal studies have demonstrated important roles for maternal nutrition in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, but the impact of prenatal maternal body composition has not been studied in humans. This study examined the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on longitudinal growth from birth through young adulthood and the degree to which maternal weight and body mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) moderate these effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly 480 mothers were recruited at their first prenatal clinic visit to overrepresent moderate\u2010to\u2010heavy use of alcohol during pregnancy, including a 5% random sample of low\u2010level drinkers and abstainers. They were interviewed at every prenatal visit about their alcohol consumption using a timeline follow\u2010back approach. Their children were examined for weight, length\/height, and head circumference at birth, 6.5 and 13\u00a0months, and 7.5, 14, and 19\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In multiple regression models with repeated measures (adjusted for confounders), prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with longitudinal reductions in weight, height, and weight\u2010for\u2010length\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> that were largely determined at birth. At low\u2010to\u2010moderate levels of exposure, these effects were more severe in infancy than in later childhood. By contrast, effects persisted among children whose mothers drank at least monthly and among those born to women with alcohol abuse and\/or dependence who had consumed \u2265\u00a04\u00a0drinks\/occasion. In addition, effects on weight, height, and head circumference were markedly stronger among children born to mothers with lower prepregnancy weight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings confirm prior studies demonstrating alcohol\u2010related reductions in weight, height, weight\u2010for\u2010height\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>, and head circumference that persist through young adulthood. Stronger effects were seen among children born to mothers with smaller prepregnancy weight, which may have been because of attainment of higher blood alcohol concentrations in smaller mothers for a given amount of alcohol intake or to increased vulnerability in infants born to women with poorer nutrition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01940.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]],"date-time":"2012-09-27T10:37:00Z","timestamp":1348742220000},"page":"452-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Fetal Alcohol\u2010Related Growth Restriction from Birth through Young Adulthood and Moderating Effects of Maternal Prepregnancy Weight"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"R. Colin","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine  Children's Hospital Boston Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health  University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm J.","family":"Avison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences 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