{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:59:25Z","timestamp":1780405165864,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>) results in a broad array of neurobehavioral deficits. Recent research has focused on identification of a neurobehavioral profile or profiles that will improve the identification of children affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>. This study aimed to build on our preliminary neurobehavioral profile to improve classification accuracy and test the specificity of the resulting profile in an alternate clinical group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A standardized neuropsychological test battery was administered to 3 groups of children: subjects with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>209), typically developing controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>185), and subjects with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>74). We assessed a large sample from 6 sites in the United States and South Africa, using standardized methodology. Data were analyzed using 3 latent profile analyses including (i) subjects with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)<\/jats:styled-content> and controls, (ii) subjects with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content> and controls, and (iii) subjects with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> (with or without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>) and subjects with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Classification accuracy was moderate but significant across the 3 analyses. In analysis 1, overall classification accuracy was 76.1% (77.2% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>, 75.7% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content>). In the second analysis, overall classification accuracy was 71.5% (70.1% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">n<\/jats:styled-content>on\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAS<\/jats:styled-content>, 72.4% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content>). In the third analysis, overall classification accuracy was 73.9% (59.8% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>, 75.7% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>). Subjects that were misclassified were examined for systematic differences from those that were correctly classified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study indicate that the neuropsychological effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> are clinically meaningful and can be used to accurately distinguish alcohol\u2010affected children from both typically developing children and children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>. Further, in combination with other recent studies, these data suggest that approximately 70% of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure are neurobehaviorally affected, while the remaining 30% are spared these often\u2010devastating consequences, at least those in the domains under study. Refining the neurobehavioral profile will allow improved identification and treatment development for children affected by prenatal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">alcohol exposure<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01952.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T17:21:51Z","timestamp":1347556911000},"page":"517-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Further Development of a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology  San Diego State University San Diego California"},{"name":"Department of Psychology  San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott 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