{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:55:36Z","timestamp":1790978136852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6052,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:bold>\n : To examine the effect of vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency on older veterans and its relationship to general health and cognitive impairment.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n DESIGN<\/jats:bold>\n : Cross\u2010sectional study.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n SETTING<\/jats:bold>\n : Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:bold>\n : Data for this research were obtained from 303 ambulatory, older veterans who used the outpatient laboratories of the Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Subjects were included in the study if they were 65 years of age and older and if they had no known diagnosis associated with B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency. The sample in this study consisted of 301 men and 2 women aged 65 to 89 years.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n MEASUREMENTS<\/jats:bold>\n : This study used two separate measurements of vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency: (1) a strict definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency (serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm) and (2) a broader definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency (serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm or laboratory norm < B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n < 300 pg\/mL and methyl malonic acid (MMA) or homocysteine (HC) elevated by more than two standard deviations). The laboratory norm is 200 pg\/mL. The dependent variables were measures of cognitive impairment and general health. Cognitive impairment was measured using the Folstein Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) and general health was measured using the RAND 36\u2013Item Health Survey Version 1.0. The control variables for this study were the subjects' daily alcohol intake, daily intake of a vitamin\/mineral supplement, annual income, and level of education.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n RESULTS\/CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:bold>\n : Nineteen subjects (6%) were vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010deficient as measured by the strict definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency (serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm), and 49 subjects (16%) were vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010deficient as measured by the broader definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency (serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm or laboratory norm < B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n < 300 pg\/mL and MMA or HC elevated by more than two standard deviations). Vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level decreases as age increases. Of the nine general health outcomes measured by using the RAND 36\u2010Item Health Survey, only bodily pain is associated with vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency, and only then when B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency is measured as serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm, the strict definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency. Vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010deficient subjects experience more bodily pain than those with normal vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n levels. There is a significant difference between B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010deficient subjects and B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n normal subjects on cognitive impairment, with B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n normal subjects indicating less cognitive impairment, only when B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency is measured as B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm, the strict definition of B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency. The broader measurement of vitamin B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n deficiency (i.e., serum B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n level < laboratory norm or laboratory norm < B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n < 300 pg\/mL and MMA or HC elevated by more than two standard deviations) is not a significant correlate of cognitive impairment and general health.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb04534.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T18:29:52Z","timestamp":1430245792000},"page":"1199-1206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The Effect of Vitamin B\n 12<\/sub>\n Deficiency on Older Veterans and Its Relationship to Health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Marie A.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Nakonezny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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