{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:31:10Z","timestamp":1790339470922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,4]],"date-time":"2006-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To compare dementia risks of elderly black and white subjects and to determine whether differences in education and cognitive test scores contribute to the inconsistency in reported differences between these groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DESIGN:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Longitudinal, 6\u2010year follow\u2010up.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PARTICIPANTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Two thousand seven hundred eighty\u2010six older black and white subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>MEASUREMENTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Age, education (&gt;10 years vs \u226410 years), Modified Mini\u2010Mental State Examination score (3MS, \u226485 vs &gt;85). Potential confounders were sex, depression, apolipoprotein E4 genotype, vascular disease, and baseline magnetic resonance imaging changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    White subjects with low education and black subjects with high education had twice the risk of dementia of white subjects with high education (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.5\u20132.4 and 95% CI=1.4\u20132.7); black subjects with low education had five times the risk of dementia (95% CI=3.4\u20137.7). Likewise, for subjects with low 3MSE scores, black subjects had 6.7 times the risk of dementia (95% CI=4.7\u20139.7) and white subjects had 2.7 times the risk of dementia (95% CI=2.2\u20133.5) as white subjects with high 3MSE scores. Finally, in Cox models, there was no significant black\u2010white difference in dementia risk after adjustment for all confounders and baseline 3MSE.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Black race was associated with greater dementia risk even after adjustment for education and other potential confounders. This black\u2010white difference in dementia risk was markedly attenuated after adjustment for baseline cognitive screening scores. The apparent race effect may reflect gaps in the quality of education or differences in the trajectory of impaired cognitive function experienced by the two groups. Future investigations might take these findings into consideration for the design of studies evaluating black\u2010white differences in dementia risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00747.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,4]],"date-time":"2006-05-04T11:28:32Z","timestamp":1146742112000},"page":"898-905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Education, Cognitive Test Scores, and Black\u2010White Differences in Dementia Risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Marie\u2010Florence","family":"Shadlen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Siscovick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette L.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Dulberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis H.","family":"Kuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"472","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in three ethnic groups","volume":"13","author":"Demirovic J","year":"2003","journal-title":"The South Florida Program on Aging and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52058.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.10.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160069041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"240","article-title":"Serum cholesterol, APOE genotype, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"54","author":"Evans RM","year":"2000","journal-title":"A population-based study of African Americans"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.2.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Black\u2010white differences in subclinical disease among older adults","volume":"48","author":"Manolio TA","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Cardiovascular Health Study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Black\u2010white differences in stroke incidence in a national sample","volume":"264","author":"Kittner S","year":"1990","journal-title":"The contribution of hypertension and diabetes mellitus"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.7.635"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"644","article-title":"Racial differences in the etiology of dementia and frequency of Alzheimer lesions in the brain","volume":"81","author":"De la Monte SM","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"804","article-title":"Cranial computed tomographic observations in multi\u2010infarct dementia","volume":"23","author":"Gorelick PB","year":"1992","journal-title":"A controlled study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430120109013","article-title":"Determinants of black\u2010white differences in the risk of cerebral infraction. 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