{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:03:59Z","timestamp":1791356639819,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]],"date-time":"2011-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To cross\u2010sectionally quantify the contribution of proxy measures of cognitive reserve reflective of the lifespan, such as education, socioeconomic status (SES), reading ability, and cognitive activities, in explaining late\u2010life cognition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>DESIGN:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prospective observational cohort study of aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>SETTING:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Retirement communities across the Chicago metropolitan area.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>PARTICIPANTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Nine hundred fifty\u2010one older adults free of clinical dementia in the Rush Memory and Aging Project (aged 79\u00b18, 74% female).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>MEASUREMENTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Baseline data on multiple life course factors included early\u2010, mid\u2010, and late\u2010life participation in cognitive activities; early\u2010life and adult SES; education; and reading ability (National Adult Reading Test; NART). Path analysis quantified direct and indirect standardized effects of life course factors on global cognition and five cognitive domains (episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial ability, perceptual speed).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Adjusting for age, sex, and race, education had the strongest association with global cognition, episodic memory, semantic memory, and visuospatial ability, whereas NART (followed by education) had the strongest association with working memory. Late\u2010life cognitive activities had the strongest association with perceptual speed, followed by education.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These cross\u2010sectional findings suggest that education and reading ability are the most\u2010robust proxy measures of cognitive reserve in relation to late\u2010life cognition. Additional research leveraging path analysis is warranted to better understand how these life course factors, reflecting the latent construct of cognitive reserve, affect abnormal cognitive aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]],"date-time":"2011-07-28T15:39:02Z","timestamp":1311867542000},"page":"1403-1411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["A Life Course Model of Cognitive Activities, Socioeconomic Status, Education, Reading Ability, and Cognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Angela L.","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorene M.","family":"Rentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janessa O.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510370056032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705281869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"138","article-title":"Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia","volume":"23","author":"Katzman R","year":"1988","journal-title":"A subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Aging gracefully","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease","volume":"60","author":"Scarmeas N","year":"2003","journal-title":"Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000069923.64550.9F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","volume-title":"Education, Social Status, and Health","author":"Mirowsky J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Relationship between lifetime occupation and parietal flow","volume":"45","author":"Stern Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"Implications for a reserve against Alzheimer's disease pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Brain volume decline in aging","volume":"65","author":"Fotenos AF","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evidence for a relation between socioeconomic status, preclinical Alzheimer disease, and reserve"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(91)90008-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"S649","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in residential proximity to polluting industrial facilities","volume":"99","author":"Mohai P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evidence from the Americans' Changing Lives Study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Children's health and social mobility. The future of children","volume":"16","author":"Case A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fall"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.6.742"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"154","author":"Alexander GE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.614.14581"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.680.14579"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049308401889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705281868"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","volume-title":"The National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test Manual","author":"Nelson HE.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","first-page":"617","article-title":"A life course approach to cognitive reserve","volume":"58","author":"Richards M","year":"2005","journal-title":"A model for cognitive aging and development?"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Handbook of theories of aging","author":"Willis S","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369398-5\/00483-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"The Rush Memory and Aging Project","volume":"25","author":"Bennett DA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Study design and baseline characteristics of the study cohort"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318193e376"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610730500206683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","volume-title":"Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research","author":"Pedhazur E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)00047-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","first-page":"970","article-title":"Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia","volume":"310","author":"Ott A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Association with education. The Rotterdam Study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Education and dementia","volume":"26","author":"Caamano\u2010Isorna F","year":"2006","journal-title":"A meta-analytic study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"Total intracranial volume","volume":"59","author":"Edland SD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Normative values and lack of association with Alzheimer's disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests","author":"Spreen O","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Use it or lose it","volume":"14","author":"Hultsch DF","year":"1999","journal-title":"Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304345.14212.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90525-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.016.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in old age","volume":"52","author":"Kempermann G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386493a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.3.P155"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.2011.03499.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1762178686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8614","1532-5415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]]}}}