{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:27:45Z","timestamp":1793485665276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]],"date-time":"2012-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine empirically the diseases contributing most commonly and strongly to death in older adults, accounting for coexisting diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010two thousand eight hundred ninety\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      edicare\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      urrent\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eneficiary\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      urvey participants, a national representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries, enrolled during 2002 to 2006.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Information on chronic and acute diseases was ascertained from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      edicare claims data. Diseases contributing to death during follow\u2010up were identified empirically using regression models for all diseases with a frequency of 1% or greater and hazard ratio for death of greater than 1. The additive contributions of these diseases, adjusting for coexisting diseases, were calculated using a longitudinal extension of average attributable fraction; 95% confidence intervals were estimated from bootstrapping.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen diseases and acute events contributed significantly to death, together accounting for nearly 70% of death. Heart failure (20.0%), dementia (13.6%), chronic lower respiratory disease (12.4%), and pneumonia (5.3%) made the largest contributions to death. Cancer, including lung, colorectal, lymphoma, and head and neck, together contributed to 5.6% of death. Other diseases and events included acute kidney injury, stroke, septicemia, liver disease, myocardial infarction, and unintentional injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of methods that focus on determining a single underlying cause may lead to underestimation of the extent of the contribution of some diseases such as dementia and respiratory disease to death in older adults and overestimation of the contribution of other diseases. Current conceptualization of a single underlying cause may not account adequately for the contribution to death of coexisting diseases that older adults experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04077.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]],"date-time":"2012-06-26T23:37:49Z","timestamp":1340753869000},"page":"1448-1456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Contribution of Individual Diseases to Death in Older Adults with Multiple Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Tinetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Yale University New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail J.","family":"McAvay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence E.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cary P.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Yale University New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather G.","family":"Allore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: Preliminary data for 2003","volume":"53","author":"Hoyert DL","year":"2005","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114375"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906173402406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61419-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11403-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":""},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, 10th Ed","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple causes of death in old age","volume":"9","author":"Gorina Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Trends"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Mortality data from the national vital statistics system [on\u2010line]. 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