{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:21:54Z","timestamp":1787498514708,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the effects of experimentally induced synovitis of the radiocarpal joint on the intra\u2010articular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amikacin after intravenous regional limb perfusion (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVRLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized crossover experimental design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult horses (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">n<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 8).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Horses were randomly assigned into 2 trials: synovitis and no\u2010synovitis. Radiocarpal joint synovitis was induced with lipopolysaccharide 6 hours before\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVRLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVRLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (5\u2010mg\/kg amikacin qs 60 mL) was performed with a pneumatic tourniquet under general anesthesia. Synovial fluid was obtained before and 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 48 hours after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVRLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Amikacin concentrations at each time point and pharmacokinetic values were compared between synovitis and no\u2010synovitis trials with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      tudent's\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">t<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Amikacin synovial fluid concentrations indicated suspected tourniquet failure on 3 occasions (2 synovitis, 1 no\u2010synovitis) on 3 different horses. Data from both trials in these 3 horses were excluded from further analysis. Observed time to maximal concentration (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ; mean \u00b1\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 54 \u00b1 13.42 min) was reached earlier in synovitis joints (5\/5, 30 min) than in no\u2010synovitis joints (1\/5, 30 min and 4\/5, 1 h;\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0476) (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0161). Mean observed maximal concentration (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was higher in synovitis joints (144.48 \u00b1 43.17 \u03bcg\/mL) than in no\u2010synovitis joints (60.02 \u00b1 28.81 \u03bcg\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      = .0301). The recommended\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      : minimum inhibitory concentration ratio of 8 was achieved in 3\/5 of the successfully perfused joints with induced synovitis, but this ratio was not achieved in any of the clinically normal joints.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Synovitis of the radiocarpal joint resulted in an earlier observed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and higher observed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      of intra\u2010articular amikacin after\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVRLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      compared with normal joints.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2011.00875.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T17:05:30Z","timestamp":1315501530000},"page":"891-897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of Experimentally Induced Synovitis on Amikacin Concentrations after Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Axel M.","family":"Beccar\u2010Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira L.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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