{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:04:20Z","timestamp":1791947060252,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe a technique for insertion of a thoracic epidural catheter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs (n = 3) undergoing thoracic wall resection and thoracotomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A paramedian approach with cephalic angulation was used to place a 24\u2010g epidural catheter in 3 dogs. Dogs 1 and 2 had left caudal thoracic wall resection and dog 3 had left thoracotomy. In dog 1, the epidural catheter was inserted at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>3 intervertebral space and the tip of the catheter advanced to the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>13 vertebral body. In dog 2, the epidural catheter was inserted at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>12\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>13 intervertebral space and the tip of the catheter was advanced to the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>8 vertebral body. In dog 3, the epidural catheter was inserted at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>13\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>1 intervertebral space and its tip advanced until reaching the vertebral body of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>10. All dogs were administered a combination of bupivacaine and morphine through the epidural catheter to provide intra\u2010 and postoperative analgesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The peridural space was identified and the tip of the catheter was positioned where intended in all dogs. Dog 1 developed transient <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>orner's syndrome and dog 3 required intraoperative fentanyl during the first part of the procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paramedian approach with cephalad angulation is a suitable technique to place thoracic epidural catheters in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2012.00990.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T15:27:17Z","timestamp":1343057237000},"page":"884-889","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Thoracic Epidural Catheter Placement Using a Paramedian Approach with Cephalad Angulation in Three Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Franci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova \u2013 Padua 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