{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1787579059446,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report pelvic limb joint reference angles, limb alignment, and mechanical axis deviation for the feline pelvic limb.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cadaveric radiographic anatomic study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skeletally mature, mixed breed cats (n = 50).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extended pelvic limb radiography was performed and images analyzed to determine femoral anatomic joint reference angles, femoral and tibial mechanical joint reference angles, tibiofemoral angle, metatarsotibial angle, mechanical axis\u2010femur and mechanical axis\u2010metatarsus angles, and mechanical axis deviation of the stifle and tarsus. Mean \u00b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>and 95% confidence intervals (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean \u00b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>angles and 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>were: anatomic lateral proximal femoral (103.9\u00b0 \u00b1 3.8\u00b0; 103.1\u00b0 \u2212 104.6\u00b0), anatomic lateral distal femoral (93.8\u00b0 \u00b1 2.5\u00b0; 93.3\u00b0 \u2212 94.3\u00b0), mechanical lateral proximal femoral (100.5\u00b0 \u00b1 3.7\u00b0; 99.8\u00b0 \u2212 101.2\u00b0), mechanical lateral distal femoral (97.2\u00b0 \u00b1 2.2\u00b0; 96.7\u00b0 \u2212 97.6\u00b0), mechanical medial proximal tibial (88.0\u00b0 \u00b1 3.2\u00b0; 87.3\u00b0 \u2212 88.6\u00b0), mechanical medial distal tibial (107.6\u00b0 \u00b1 4.8\u00b0; 106.6\u00b0 \u2212 108.5\u00b0), mechanical tibiofemoral (7.4\u00b0 varus \u00b1 2.5\u00b0; 6.9\u00b0 \u2212 7.9\u00b0), mechanical metatarsotibial (6.0\u00b0 valgus \u00b1 3.5\u00b0; 5.3\u00b0 \u2212 6.7\u00b0); mechanical axis\u2010femur (3.2\u00b0 \u00b1 1.4\u00b0; 2.9\u00b0 \u2212 3.5\u00b0) and mechanical axis\u2010metatarsus (2.4\u00b0 \u00b1 2.0\u00b0; 1.7\u00b0 \u2212 2.1\u00b0). Mechanical axis deviation of the stifle and of the tarsus were 2.0% \u00b1 0.9% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.9\u20132.2) and 0.8% \u00b1 1.0% (95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.7\u20131.0), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean pelvic limb joint reference and limb alignment angles can be used for diagnosing angular limb deformities of the feline pelvic limb and for planning corrective osteotomies in affected cats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2012.00996.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T15:29:14Z","timestamp":1343057354000},"page":"696-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Measurement of Femoral and Tibial Joint Reference Angles and Pelvic Limb Alignment in Cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Dismukes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Veterinary Specialists Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek B.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"835","article-title":"Feline patellar luxation: a retrospective case study","volume":"22","author":"Johnson ME","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.20.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.9.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Patellar luxation in Abyssinian cats","volume":"18","author":"Engvall E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Congenital luxation of the patellae in the cat","volume":"9","author":"Flecknell PA","year":"1979","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Repair of bilateral medial patellar luxation in a cat","volume":"8","author":"Leighton RL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1979.175.08.845","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? 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