{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:32:45Z","timestamp":1791297165097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,30]],"date-time":"2006-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:\u2002<\/jats:bold> West Nile virus (WNV) transmission by transfusion was documented in 2002. Approximately 80\u2003percent of WNV infections are asymptomatic and 1\u2003percent develop severe neurological illness. In animals, Langerhans\u2010dendritic cells support initial viral replication, followed by replication in lymphoid tissues and dissemination to organs and possibly to the CNS. The cellular tropism of WNV infection after transfusion and the particular human blood cells that sustain viral replication remain largely unknown. Whether primary monocyte\u2010derived macrophages (MDMs) support WNV infection\u2010replication and produce infectious virions, with an in vitro system, was investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Elutriated monocytes (CD33+\/CD14+) from suitable blood donors were cultured in the presence of macrophage\u2013colony\u2010stimulating factor, infected with WNV\u2010NY99 at different time points, washed, and cultivated for up to 47\u2003days. Supernatants were tested for WNV replication by TaqMan reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR), with primers for the envelope and\/or 3\u2032NC regions, and by cDNA\u2010PCR to detect WNV minus\u2010strand RNA and for the presence of functional virions by infectivity assays in Vero cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:\u2002<\/jats:bold> RT\u2010PCR TaqMan of supernatants demonstrated productive infection of MDMs. Viral load reached 2 to 5\u2003log above baseline in 3 to 6\u2003days and then declined, with detectable viral replication persisting for up to 47\u2003days. WNV minus\u2010strand RNA was detected in Day\u20034 cultures, indicating active viral replication. Infected MDM cultures showed no cytopathic changes. Supernatants that were TaqMan\u2010positive for the presence of WNV\u2010infected Vero cells and produced cytopathic effects within 3 to 5\u2003days of culture.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The susceptibility of monocytes\u2010macrophages to productive infection in vitro is compatible with a potential role in initial WNV replication and propagation after transmission by transfusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00769.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,30]],"date-time":"2006-03-30T15:29:10Z","timestamp":1143732550000},"page":"659-667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Monocytes\u2010macrophages are a potential target in human infection with West Nile virus through blood transfusion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriyan","family":"Grinev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira K.","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew I.","family":"Dayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160654"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"845","article-title":"Outbreak of West Nile\u2010like viral encephalitis\u2014New York, 1999","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"Statistics, Surveillance and Control for West Nile virus [database on the Internet].","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection\u2014New York and Connecticut counties, 2000","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088282403322396082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2578-2586.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-67-11-2423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.11.1511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02256603"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"PeiperS GriffinJD.In:ShawS TurniLA KatzKS editors.CD33 in protein reviews on the Web [monograph on the Internet].Bethesda:National Center for Biotechnology Information;2002. 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