{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:51:33Z","timestamp":1790481093275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,19]],"date-time":"2006-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1161216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> National blood donation screening for West Nile virus (WNV) started in June 2003, after the documentation of WNV transfusion\u2010associated transmission (TAT) in 2002.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold> Blood donations were screened with investigational nucleic acid amplification assays in minipool formats. Blood collection agencies (BCAs) reported screening results to state and local public health authorities. Donor test results and demographic information were forwarded to CDC via ArboNET, the national electronic arbovirus surveillance system. State health departments and BCAs also reported suspect WNV TATs to CDC, which investigated these reports to confirm WNV infection in blood transfusion recipients in the absence of likely mosquito exposure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> During 2003 to 2005, a total of 1,425 presumptive viremic donors were reported to CDC from 41 states. Of 36 investigations of suspected WNV TAT in 2003, 6 cases were documented. Estimated viremia levels were available for donations implicated in four TAT cases; the median estimated viremia was 0.1 plaque\u2010forming units (PFUs) per mL (range, 0.06\u20100.50 PFU\/mL; 1 PFU equals approximately 400 copies\/mL).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold> National blood screening for WNV identified and removed more than 1,400 potentially infectious blood donations in 2003 through 2005. Despite the success of screening in 2003, some residual WNV TAT risk remained due to donations containing very low levels of virus. Screening algorithms employing selected individual\u2010donation testing were designed to address this residual risk and were fully implemented in 2004 and 2005. Continued vigilance for TAT will evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.01030.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,19]],"date-time":"2006-10-19T05:42:21Z","timestamp":1161236541000},"page":"2038-2046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Transfusion\u2010associated transmission of West Nile virus, United States 2003 through 2005"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Susan\u2003P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer\u2003A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kuehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa\u2003L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Crall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert\u2003S.","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Macedo de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Boo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony\u2003A.","family":"Marfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the 2003 West Nile Virus Transfusion\u2010Associated Transmission Investigation Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05480-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03538-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1954.3.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0041-1132.2005.04315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","volume-title":"Package Insert.","author":"Procleix WNV assay for investigational use only [5000 test kit]","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","volume-title":"Draft TaqScreen West Nile virus test IUO [48 test kit].","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.6.503-510.1976","article-title":"Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology","volume":"4","author":"Lindsey HS","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0041-1132.2004.04130.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"842","article-title":"Transfusion\u2010associated transmission of West Nile virus\u2014Arizona, 2004","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","volume-title":"Guidance for industry: discontinuation of donor deferral related to recent fever with headache as symptom of West Nile virus infection; 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