{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:17:38Z","timestamp":1790173058126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,25]],"date-time":"2011-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Red blood cell (RBC) preservation is essential to transfusion medicine. Many blood group reference laboratories need a method to preserve rare blood samples for serologic testing at a later date. This study offers a comparison of three common cryoprotective agents and protocols used today: bulk preservation with glycerol and droplet freezing with sucrose\u2010dextrose (S+D) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold> Human blood from 14 volunteers was collected and frozen at set intervals over 2 weeks with PVP, S+D, or glycerol. The frozen RBCs were later thawed and the percentage of surviving RBCs was determined. Detailed protocols and an instructional video are supplied.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Over a 2\u2010week period, RBCs preserved with glycerol and thawed with a widely used protocol showed a recovery of 41\u2003\u00b1\u200316% (mean\u2003\u00b1\u2003standard deviation) while those thawed with a modified glycerol protocol showed a recovery of 76\u2003\u00b1\u20038%. RBCs preserved by droplet freezing with S+D showed a recovery of 56\u2003\u00b1\u200311% while those preserved by droplet freezing with PVP showed a recovery of 85\u2003\u00b1\u20036%. Recovery values were similar with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or heparin anticoagulants, differing freezing rates, and varying droplet volumes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> Droplet freezing with PVP offered the greatest recovery. While bulk freezing with glycerol can also be effective, droplet freezing may be a more convenient method overall. It requires less effort to thaw, needs much less storage room, and allows blood group laboratories to be frugal with thawing rare samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03258.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T18:04:40Z","timestamp":1311703480000},"page":"2703-2708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Red blood cell preservation by droplet freezing with polyvinylpyrrolidone or sucrose\u2010dextrose and by bulk freezing with glycerol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Pirmin","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Huvard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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