{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:25:46Z","timestamp":1761488746198},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Despite implementation of targeted individual\u2010donor nucleic acid test (NAT) screening of blood donors for West Nile virus (WNV), three \u201cbreakthrough\u201d WNV transfusion transmission cases were reported (2004\u20102008), suggesting that current plasma\u2010based assays are unable to detect all WNV\u2010infectious donations. A 2007 report found that 19 of 20 red blood cell components from WNV\u2010infected donors contained 1 log higher viral load than plasma components. This study's aim was to further establish the value of screening whole blood relative to plasma for WNV RNA by generating differential viral loads on paired samples derived from blood screening tubes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold> WNV RNA\u2013positive donors identified by routine NAT screening were enrolled and quantitative viral data were generated using cross\u2010sectional (index\u2010donation) and longitudinal (follow\u2010up) specimens. A real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction viral load assay was used on both study sample sets and replicate qualitative NAT screening assays were also used on the longitudinal study samples.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> For the cross\u2010sectional study, seronegative index donations (n\u2003=\u200329) had WNV RNA concentrations fourfold higher in plasma than in whole blood, whereas for seropositive donations (n\u2003=\u200313), the WNV RNA concentrations were 10\u2010fold higher in whole blood than in plasma. All 10 longitudinal study participants were seropositive throughout the follow\u2010up study; whole blood viral load was consistently greater than plasma viral load (mean difference, 343 copies; p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) up to 200 days after index.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> The improved sensitivity of WNV NAT using whole blood instead of plasma was confirmed, but appears to be limited to better detection in seropositive stages. However, the implication of these findings for blood screening requires further study to establish the infectivity of persistent whole blood viremia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03289.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T14:06:19Z","timestamp":1312898779000},"page":"447-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Relative distribution of West Nile virus RNA in blood compartments: implications for blood donor nucleic acid amplification technology screening"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Lori","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzong\u2010Hae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.01030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02127.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","first-page":"1263","article-title":"West Nile virus transmission via organ transplantation and blood transfusion\u2014Louisiana, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.03035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","unstructured":"ShyamalaV.Identification of Oligonucleotides for the Capture Detection and Quantitation of West Nile Virus. 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United States of America Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics.2006; US 7 132 233 B2: 28."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","first-page":"3A","article-title":"West Nile virus: correlation between infectivity and RNA copy number","volume":"43","author":"Rios M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.11.2886-2893.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00015"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1537-2995.2011.03289.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03289.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T12:28:30Z","timestamp":1697286510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03289.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03289.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03289.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]]}}}