{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:51:49Z","timestamp":1790614309857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Since October 2005, a total of 2,921,561 blood donations have been screened by the South African National Blood Service for hepatitis\u2003B virus (HBV) by individual\u2010donation nucleic acid testing (ID\u2010NAT). Over 4 years, 149 hepatitis\u2003B surface antigen\u2013negative acute\u2010phase HBV NAT\u2013positive donations were identified (1:19,608). The lookback program identified one probable HBV transmission.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold> The complete genomes of HBV isolated from the donor and recipient were sequenced, cloned, and analyzed phylogenetically. The HBV window period (WP) transmission risk was estimated assuming a minimum infectious dose of 3.7 HBV virions and an incidence rate correction factor of 1.34 for transient detectability of HBV DNA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Of 149 acute\u2010phase HBV NAT yields, 114 (1:25,627) were classified as pre\u2013antibody to hepatitis\u2003B core antigen (anti\u2010HBc) WP and 35 (1:83,473) as post\u2013anti\u2010HBc WP. The acute\u2010phase transmission risk in the HBV DNA\u2013negative pre\u2010 and post\u2013anti\u2010HBc WPs (of 15.3 and 1.3 days, respectively) was estimated at 1:40,000 and 1:480,000, respectively. One HBV transmission (1:2,900,000) was identified in a patient who received a transfusion from an ID\u2010NAT\u2013nonreactive donor in the pre\u2013anti\u2010HBc WP. Sequence analysis confirmed transmission of HBV Subgenotype A1 with 99.7% nucleotide homology between donor and recipient strains. The viral burden in the infectious red blood cell unit was estimated at 32 (22\u201043) HBV DNA copies\/20\u2003mL of plasma.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> We report the first known case of transfusion\u2010transmitted HBV infection by blood screened using ID\u2010NAT giving an observed HBV transmission rate of 0.34 per million. The estimated pre\u2013acute\u2010phase transmission risk in the ID\u2010NAT screened donor population was 73\u2010fold higher than the observed WP transmission rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03355.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T21:12:10Z","timestamp":1318021930000},"page":"880-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Hepatitis\u2003B virus transmission by blood transfusion during 4 years of individual\u2010donation nucleic acid testing in South Africa: estimated and observed window period risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Marion","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Dickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Lelie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charl","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Keyter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Crookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kramvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2003.00311.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","unstructured":"Heyns AduP.Risk of transmitting HIV and other diseases with a blood transfusion in South Africa. 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