{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1791175760554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]],"date-time":"2011-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold>The<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor<\/jats:italic>) gene encodes for a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a chemokine transporter, is a receptor for<jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P.\u2003knowlesi<\/jats:italic>, and expresses the Duffy blood group antigens (Fy). The Fy(a\u2212b\u2212) phenotype found in people of African descent is typically associated with a \u221267t&gt;c mutation in the 5\u2032\u2010untranslated region (UTR), which prevents red blood cells being invaded by<jats:italic>P.\u2003vivax<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P.<\/jats:italic>\u2003<jats:italic>knowlesi<\/jats:italic>. The aim of this study was to establish<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>allele frequencies in an African American blood donor cohort, determine a phylogenetic tree for<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>, and compare human and Neandertal<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>genes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold>The<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>nucleotide sequence of 54 African American blood donors was determined from genomic DNA. Heterozygous substitutions were resolved by sequencing of haplotype\u2010specific amplifications. A phylogenetic tree for<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>was established using the neighbor\u2010joining method with<jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>as root.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>A total of 108 haplotypes of the<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>gene could be unambiguously determined from nucleotide position \u2212300 in the 5\u2032\u2003UTR to +300 in the 3\u2032 UTR. Eleven different alleles were found, including the clinically relevant<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>B\u201067C<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>B298A<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>alleles. All phenotype predictions based on genotypes matched the serologically determined phenotypes exactly: 52% Fy(a\u2212b\u2212), 28% Fy(a\u2212b+), and 20% Fy(a+b\u2212).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold>The nucleotide sequencing approach using one amplicon is a practical genotyping method for<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>and allows the determination of haplotypes even in heterozygous constellations. We developed a phylogenetic tree for<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>alleles and postulated a distinct<jats:italic>FY<\/jats:italic>*<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>allele as ancestral for the extant<jats:italic>DARC<\/jats:italic>alleles in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03431.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,15]],"date-time":"2011-11-15T15:25:09Z","timestamp":1321370709000},"page":"1260-1267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>DARC<\/i>alleles and Duffy phenotypes in African Americans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Pirmin","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanaeko R.","family":"Ravenell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry L.","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy A.","family":"Flegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.803712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.9.3077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.1.378.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.7.2851","article-title":"The 1.35\u2010kb Duffy mRNA isoforms are differently regulated in various regions of brain, differ by the length of their 5\u2032 untraslated sequence, but encode the same polypeptide","volume":"90","author":"Le Van Kim C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0695-224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0833"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2011.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01307.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.1998.7440248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.1.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","unstructured":"ISBT Red Cell Immunogenetics and Terminology Working Party.Terminology for blood group alleles (working draft).2010. 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