{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:15:30Z","timestamp":1780632930451,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]],"date-time":"2012-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> At most blood centers in the United States routine testing of donations for <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> using an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is followed by supplemental testing by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA). The objective of this study was to report the results of routine testing and risk factor data from allogeneic blood donors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>T.\u2003cruzi<\/jats:italic> testing data from January 2007 through December 2009 were analyzed, and risk factor interviews and follow\u2010up studies were conducted on seroreactive donors. Prevalences of confirmed infection and risk factors associated with infection were assessed using logistic and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Of 2,940,491 allogeneic donations from 1,183,076 donors, 305 (0.01% per donation tested and 0.026% per blood donor) were repeat reactive (RR) and 89 of those were confirmed positive by RIPA, yielding an overall seroprevalence of 1 per 33,039 donations and 1 per 13,292 donors. Country of birth and US blood center location differences in the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T.\u2003cruzi<\/jats:italic> were evident. The odds of confirmed infection were highest if the donor reported having been bitten by the reduviid (kissing) bug (odds ratio [OR],\u200376.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.1\u20103173) followed by having lived in a rural area of Latin America (OR,\u200338.6; 95% CI, 15.1\u2010102.5). In multivariable analyses, having spent 3 months or more in Mexico or Central and\/or South America was associated with the highest odds of RIPA\u2010confirmed infection (OR,\u20038.5; 95% CI, 2.7\u201026.5). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of ELISA RR donors exhibited low sensitivity (1\/22 [4%] RIPA\u2010confirmed donors was PCR positive).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> Risk factors for confirmed infection in US blood donors are consistent with the known epidemiology of Chagas disease. Blood donors or transfusions do not substantially contribute to the burden of <jats:italic>T.\u2003cruzi<\/jats:italic> infection in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03569.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]],"date-time":"2012-02-17T07:44:25Z","timestamp":1329464665000},"page":"1901-1911","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Epidemiologic and laboratory findings from 3 years of testing United States blood donors for <i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Custer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Agapova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Cusick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tomasulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzong\u2010Hae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Caglioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.14.6.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.18.2171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32830ef5b6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007000900018","article-title":"Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed\u2014a background article","volume":"102","author":"Coura JR","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.01147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"798","article-title":"Chagas disease after organ transplantation\u2014Los Angeles, California, 2006","volume":"55","author":"Mascola L","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/598931"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.047357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000200002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.24.2978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","unstructured":"DiagnosticsO\u2010C.ORTHO\u00aeT.\u2003cruziELISA Test System [Package Insert]. Raritan NJ 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services FaDA.NEWS RELEASE\u2014FDA approves first supplemental test for Chagas disease.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.639-642.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1995.35395184278.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","unstructured":"American Association of Blood Banks.Chagas' Biovigilance Network. Bethesda (MD):American Association of Blood Banks;2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.53","article-title":"Cost\u2010effectiveness of implementation methods for ELISA serology testing of Trypanosoma cruzi in California blood banks","volume":"79","author":"Wilson LS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.061002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The U.S. Trypanosoma cruzi infection study: evidence for autochthonous trypanosoma cruzi transmission among United States blood donors","volume":"50","author":"Cantey PT","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1996.36396182140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000931"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","first-page":"1291","article-title":"[Parasitological and epidemiological aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive blood donors]","volume":"135","author":"Galaz P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Biologics Evaulation and Research.Guidance for industry: use of serological tests to reduce the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in whole blood and blood components intended for transfusion.2010. [cited 2012 Feb 6]. Available from: URL:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/biologicsbloodvaccines\/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation\/guidances\/blood\/ucm235855.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","unstructured":"StramerSL.Update on the study to further define the incidence ofT.\u2003cruziinfection in the U.S. blood donor population. Transcript of Blood Products Advisory Committee meeting: Food and Drug Administration.2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"No evidence of Trypanosoma cruzi incidence in US blood donors: a 4\u2010year study","volume":"51","author":"Stramer SL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Biologics Evaulation and Research.94th Blood Products Advisory Committee Meeting briefing information\u2014potential testing strategies forT.\u2003cruziinfection in blood donors.2009. [cited 2012 Feb 6]. Available from: URL:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/BloodVaccinesandOtherBiologics\/BloodProductsAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM155628.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chagas transmission identified through lookback","volume":"50","author":"Kessler D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three year study of T.\u2003cruzi: lookback from a large institution","volume":"50","author":"Vanderpool SK","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2824.2010.01420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02686.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2008.09.001"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1537-2995.2012.03569.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03569.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T15:23:20Z","timestamp":1697297000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03569.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03569.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03569.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,17]]}}}