{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:43:43Z","timestamp":1758278623824},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Risk Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is considerable variability in the published lethality values for inhalation exposures of <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis.<\/jats:italic> The lack of consensus on an acceptable dose\u2010response relationship poses a significant challenge in the development of risk\u2010based management approaches for use following a terrorist release of <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> spores. This article reviewed available <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> dose\u2010response modeling and literature for the nonhuman primate, evaluated the use of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) to fit mathematical dose\u2010response models to these data, and reported results of the benchmark dose analysis of suitable data sets. The BMDS was found to be a useful tool to evaluate dose\u2010response relationships in microbial data, including that from <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> exposure. An evaluation of the sources of variability identified in the published lethality data and the corresponding BMDS\u2010derived lethality values found that varying levels of physical characterization of the spore product, differing receptor\u2010specific exposure assumptions, choice of dose metrics, and the selected statistical methods all contributed to differences in lethality estimates. Recognition of these contributors to variability could ultimately facilitate agreement on a <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> dose\u2010response relationship through provision of a common description of necessary study considerations for acceptable dose\u2010response data sets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01808.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,3]],"date-time":"2012-04-03T12:42:14Z","timestamp":1333456934000},"page":"1750-1768","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Benchmark Dose Analysis for <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i> Inhalation Exposures in the Nonhuman Primate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Taft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Mathematically modeling inhalational anthrax","volume":"3","author":"Gutting BW","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2007.0066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015795"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"657","article-title":"Industrial inhalation anthrax\u2014Discussion","volume":"30","author":"Glassman HN","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bacteriological Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2007.00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","volume-title":"Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment","author":"Haas CN","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","volume-title":"Microbiological Risk Assessment Series","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2005.00676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2000","journal-title":"Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document. 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