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This chapter is devoted to the analysis of the ill effects of early institutional experiences on resident children\u2019s development. Delays in the important areas of physical, hormonal, cognitive, and emotional development are discussed. The evidence for and against the existence of a distinctive set of co-occurring developmental problems in institutionalized children is weighed and found to not yet convincingly demonstrate a \u201cpostinstitutional syndrome.\u201d Finally, shared and nonshared features of the institutional environment and specific genetic, temperamental, and physical characteristics of the individual child are examined that might make a crucial difference in whether early institutional rearing leaves irreversible scars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T06:08:07Z","timestamp":1324966087000},"page":"8-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["I. CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE: DELAYED DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Marinus H","family":"van IJzendoorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund J S","family":"Sonuga-Barke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan R","family":"Gunnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayiota","family":"Vorria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Le Mare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian J","family":"Bakermans-Kranenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha A","family":"Dobrova-Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femmie","family":"Juffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(96)00067-1","article-title":"The socioemotional development of orphans in orphanages and traditional foster care in Iraqi Kurdistan","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0002","volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0003","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025410373313","article-title":"Mitigating effects of the adoptive caregiving environment on inattention\/overactivity in children adopted from Romanian orphanages","volume":"35","author":"Audet","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025411406858","article-title":"Impact of institutional care on attachment disorganization and insecurity of Ukrainian preschoolers: Protective effect of the long variant of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT)","volume-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development","author":"Bakermans-Kranenburg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01801.x","article-title":"Genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: The case of attachment","volume":"48","author":"Bakermans-Kranenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2008.00498.x","article-title":"Earlier is better: A meta-analysis of 70 years of intervention improving cognitive development in institutionalized children","volume":"73","author":"Bakermans-Kranenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"2026010914083926100_mono626-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00898.x","article-title":"Do the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence? 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