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To date, the optimal electrode configuration involves large surface area catheters in the right atrium and coronary sinus. In humans, atrial defibrillation can generally be achieved with &lt; 2 J using this electrode configuration and a biphasic shock waveform. For shocks &lt; 5 J, there is no significant pathological damage to the atria or coronary sinus. Further investigation is needed to guarantee that atrial defibrillation shocks do not provoke ventricular arrhythmias. Preliminary data suggest that atrial defibrillation shocks synchronized to R waves that are not closely coupled are safe. In addition, the shocks are well tolerated if the shock energy is &lt; 1.5 J. With additional studies to confirm the safety of implantable atrial defibrillators, further reduce shock energy, and improve patient tolerance, an implantable atrial defibrillator can become an acceptable therapy for patients with symptomatic, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1995.tb00441.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,14]],"date-time":"2007-05-14T01:51:45Z","timestamp":1179107505000},"page":"634-648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Implantable Atrial Defibrillators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"RUSSELL E.","family":"HILLSLEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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