{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:01:55Z","timestamp":1787014915985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,20]],"date-time":"2007-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1198108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The impact of smoking on the right and left atrial substrates is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study included 88 patients (age 50 \u00b1 13 years, M\/F = 71\/17) who underwent four pulmonary veins isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The mean voltage and total activation time of the individual atria were obtained by using a NavX mapping system, and were compared between the patients with and without a previous smoking history. The dose effect was evaluated by the smoking intensity\u2010duration, defined as the number of packs per day plus how many years they had been smoking.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    The right atrial (RA) mean voltage was lower in the patients with a previous history of smoking than in those without a history of smoking (1.92 \u00b1 0.49 vs 2.17 \u00b1 0.56 mV, P &lt; 0.05). The left atrial (LA) mean voltage was similar between the two groups (1.73 \u00b1 0.67 vs 1.82 \u00b1 0.48 mV, P = 0.488). Further, the total activation time of the RA was longer in the patients with a previous history of smoking than in those without a history of smoking, but not so for the LA. Furthermore, the voltage reduction in the RA was related to the smoking intensity\u2010duration (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.650, P &lt; 0.001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    In patients with atrial fibrillation, the RA mean voltage and total activation time were significantly correlated to smoking and had a dose\u2010dependent effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.01057.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T14:43:24Z","timestamp":1203605004000},"page":"259-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impairment of the Atrial Substrates by Chronic Cigarette Smoking in Patients with Atrial 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