{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:56:16Z","timestamp":1776376576397,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,5]],"date-time":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc electrophysiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:bold>Electrophysiological Anatomy of Typical Atrial Flutter.<\/jats:bold>\n          <jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:bold> The electrophysiological anatomy of cavotricuspid isthmus\u2010dependent atrial flutter (CVTI\u2010AFL) has not been fully elucidated.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:bold> We studied 602 autopsied human hearts from individuals aged 0 to 103 years. We measured morphological features of the right atrium, including the crista terminalis (CT), pectinate muscles, sub\u2010Eustachian pouch, Thebesian valve (TV), and the coronary sinus (CS) ostium.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:bold> In adults, the mean right atrium dimensions were 4.7 cm \u00d7 4.5 cm \u00d7 4.4 cm. Pectinate muscles extended <jats:italic>medial<\/jats:italic> to the CT in 54% of hearts. In 19% of hearts, these ended in another ridge termed the second CT. Pectinate muscles extended into the CVTI in 70% of hearts. A sub\u2010Eustachian pouch was present in 16% of hearts, was always located on the septal CVTI, and was more likely when a prominent TV was also present. A TV, present in 62% of all hearts, covered the inferior quadrant of the CS ostium in 9% of these hearts.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:bold> The posterior boundary of the reentrant circuit of CVTI\u2010AFL comprises the Eustachian ridge and CT, but in some patients may also include a second CT. Sub\u2010Eustachian pouches on the septal CVTI are strongly associated with a prominent TV. The lateral CVTI can have prominent pectinate muscles. This comprehensive characterization of the electrophysiological anatomy of the reentrant circuit of CVTI\u2010AFL may provide guidance and improve success during difficult ablations. <jats:italic>(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 144\u2010149, February 2010)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01607.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,5]],"date-time":"2009-10-05T17:28:02Z","timestamp":1254763682000},"page":"144-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Electrophysiological Anatomy of Typical Atrial Flutter: The Posterior Boundary and Causes for Difficulty with Ablation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"APOOR S.","family":"GAMI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WILLIAM 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