{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T19:55:38Z","timestamp":1767210938961},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]],"date-time":"2013-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p>Evaluating vaccine efficacy for protection against colonization with bacterial pathogens is an area of growing interest. Colonization of the nasopharynx is an asymptomatic carrier state responsible for person\u2010to\u2010person transmission. It differs from most clinical outcomes in that it is common, recurrent, and observed only in its prevalent state. To estimate rates of acquisition and clearance of colonization requires repeated active sampling of the same individuals over time, an expensive and invasive undertaking. Motivated by feasibility constraints in efficacy trials with colonization endpoints, investigators have been estimating vaccine efficacy from cross\u2010sectional studies without principled methods. We present two examples of vaccine studies estimating vaccine efficacy from cross\u2010sectional data on nasopharyngeal colonization by <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (pneumococcus). This study presents a framework for defining and estimating strain\u2010specific and overall vaccine efficacy for susceptibility to acquisition of colonization (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/biom1826-gra-0001.gif\" xlink:title=\"inline equation image\" \/>) when there is a large number of strains with mutual interactions and recurrent dynamics of colonization. We develop estimators based on one observation of the current status per study subject, evaluate their robustness, and re\u2010analyze the two vaccine trials. Methodologically, the proposed estimators are closely related to case\u2013control studies with prevalent cases, with appropriate consideration of the at\u2010risk time in choosing the controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2012.01826.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]],"date-time":"2013-02-04T22:06:48Z","timestamp":1360015608000},"page":"235-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Estimating Strain\u2010Specific and Overall Efficacy of Polyvalent Vaccines Against Recurrent Pathogens From a Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Kari","family":"Auranen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection National Institute for Health and Welfare Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Rinta\u2010Kokko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection National Institute for Health and Welfare Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Elizabeth","family":"Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Washington 98109 U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Washington 98195 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(98)10048-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2009.5160607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.4.6.6507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000257425.24492.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68636-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases Conference","author":"Kilpi T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.12.6571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00046-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31824f2f32"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(86)90124-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"MMWR(2010).(CDC) Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Children\u2014Use of 13\u2010ValentPneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 23\u2010ValentPneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; Dec 10; 59."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Abstracts of the 6th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases","author":"Nohynek H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X1994000800009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0906357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116398"}],"container-title":["Biometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0420.2012.01826.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2012.01826.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T18:19:06Z","timestamp":1706293146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biometrics\/article\/69\/1\/235-244\/7490887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2012.01826.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2012.01826.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-341X","1541-0420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-341X","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-0420","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]]}}}