{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:26:53Z","timestamp":1791077213427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,12]],"date-time":"2006-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1165881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>ABSTRACT. <\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic> is the causative agent of Nagana in cattle and can infect a wide range of mammals but is unable to infect humans because it is susceptible to the innate cytotoxic activity of normal human serum. A minor subfraction of human high\u2010density lipoprotein (HDL), containing apolipoprotein A\u2010I (APOA1), apolipoprotein L\u2010I (APOL1) and haptoglobin\u2010related protein (HPR) provides this innate protection against <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> infection. Both HPR and APOL1 are cytotoxic to <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> but their specific activities for killing increase several hundred\u2010fold when assembled in the same HDL. This HDL is called trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) and kills <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> following receptor binding, endocytosis, and lysosomal localization. Trypanosome lytic factor is activated in the acidic lysosome and facilitates lysosomal membrane disruption. Lysosomal localization is necessary for <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> killing by TLF. <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>, which is indistinguishable from <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic>, is resistant to TLF killing and causes human African sleeping sickness. Human infectivity by <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> correlates with the evolution of a human serum resistance associated protein (SRA) that is able to ablate TLF killing. When <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> is transfected with the SRA gene it becomes highly resistant to TLF and human serum. In the SRA transfected cells, intracellular trafficking of TLF is altered and TLF mainly localizes to a subset of SRA containing cytoplasmic vesicles but not to the lysosome. These findings indicate that the cellular distribution of TLF is influenced by SRA expression and may directly determine susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2006.00228.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,13]],"date-time":"2006-12-13T13:43:42Z","timestamp":1166017422000},"page":"18-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["African Trypanosomes: Intracellular Trafficking of Host Defense Molecules<sup>1<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"APRIL M.","family":"SHIFLETT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SARA D.","family":"FAULKNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LAURA F.","family":"COTLIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JUSTIN","family":"WIDENER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NATALIE","family":"STEPHENS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEPHEN L.","family":"HAJDUK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00208-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00361-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90189-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010198200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00116-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00168-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"Endocytosed transferrin in African trypanosomes is delivered to lysosomes and may not be recycled","volume":"59","author":"Grab D. 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