{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:31:20Z","timestamp":1791401480368,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1345075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Gambierdiscus<\/jats:italic> spp. are epiphytic, benthic dinoflagellates. Some species have been shown to be toxic and cause ciguatera fish poisoning. We report, for the first time, the occurrence of G<\/jats:styled-content>ambierdiscus caribaeus<\/jats:italic> isolated from the waters off Jeju Island in Korea. Its morphology was similar to that of the original Belize strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic>. Gambierdiscus caribaeus<\/jats:italic> has been reported in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Floridian coast. Our report extends its range to the North Pacific Ocean. The plates of the Korean strain were arranged in a Kofoidian series of Po, 3\u2032, 7\u2032\u2032, 6c, 6s, 5\u2032\u2032\u2032, 1p, and 2\u2032\u2032\u2032\u2032, morphologically closer to other strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic> than to G<\/jats:styled-content>. carpenteri<\/jats:italic>. When properly aligned, its small subunit (SSU<\/jats:styled-content>) rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> was 0.5% different from those of G<\/jats:styled-content>ambierdiscus<\/jats:italic> sp. C\u20101, a strain that was isolated from the waters off eastern Japan, but was 2.4\u20134.0% different from those of the NOAA<\/jats:styled-content> strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic> and 3.1\u20133.4% different from those of the NOAA<\/jats:styled-content> strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. carpenteri<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, the D1\u2013D3 large subunit (LSU<\/jats:styled-content>) rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequence of the K<\/jats:styled-content>orean strain of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic> was 4.7\u20135.3% different from those of the NOAA<\/jats:styled-content> strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic> and 7.1\u20137.5% different from those of all reported G<\/jats:styled-content>. carpenteri<\/jats:italic> strains, including the NOAA<\/jats:styled-content> strains. In phylogenetic trees based on SSU<\/jats:styled-content> and LSU rDNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequences, our Korean strain was basal to the clade consisting of the NOAA<\/jats:styled-content> strains of G<\/jats:styled-content>. caribaeus<\/jats:italic>, which in turn was sister clade to all reported G<\/jats:styled-content>. carpenteri<\/jats:italic> strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00645.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T15:43:47Z","timestamp":1345131827000},"page":"637-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["First Report of the Epiphytic Dinoflagellate G<\/scp>ambierdiscus caribaeus<\/i> in the Temperate Waters off J<\/scp>eju Island, K<\/scp>orea: Morphology and Molecular Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Hae Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An Suk","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Hyeon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Ho","family":"Yih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography, College of Ocean Sciences Kunsan National University Kunsan 573\u2010701 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Seon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Du","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 151\u2010747 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Seop","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Sciences Kunsan National University Kunsan 573\u2010701 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.45.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Morphological identification of two tropical dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Sinophysis in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"9","author":"Aligizaki K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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