{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:24:16Z","timestamp":1792092256440,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jet\u2010propelled personal watercraft (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content>) or jet\u2010skis have become increasingly popular. The means of propulsion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content>, which is a jet of water forced out of small nozzle at the rear of the craft, combined with a high risk of falling off of the seat and into close proximity with the water jet stream, raise the potential for a unique type of injury mechanism. The most serious injuries associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> falls are those that occur when the perineum passes in close proximity to the jet nozzle and the high\u2010pressure water stream enters the vaginal or rectal orifice. We describe the forensic investigation into a case of an anovaginal \u201cblowout\u201d injury in a passenger who was ejected from the rear seat position of a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> and subsequently suffered life\u2010threatening injuries to the pelvic organs. The investigation included a biomechanical analysis of the injury mechanism, a summary of prior published reports of internal pelvic injuries resulting from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> falls as well as other water sports and activities, and a comparison of the severity of the injuries resulting from differing mechanisms using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>njury <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>everity <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>core (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NISS<\/jats:styled-content>). The mean (\u00b1standard deviation [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>]) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NISS<\/jats:styled-content> values for reported <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> injuries [not including the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NISS<\/jats:styled-content> of 38 in this case study] were 11.2 (\u00b19.5), while the mean value for reported water\u2010skiing falls was half that of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> group at 5.6 (\u00b15.2). It was concluded that the analyzed injuries were unique to a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> ejection versus other previously described non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated water sport injuries. It is recommended that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWC<\/jats:styled-content> manufacturers help consumers understand the potential risks to passengers with highly visible warnings and reduce injury risk with revised seat design, and\/or passenger seat \u201cdeadman\u201d switches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02250.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T21:18:19Z","timestamp":1346102299000},"page":"237-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Forensic Epidemiologic and Biomechanical Analysis of a Pelvic Cavity Blowout Injury Associated with Ejection from a Personal Watercraft (Jet\u2010Ski)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health &amp; Preventive Medicine Oregon Health &amp; Science University Portland OR 97239"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Institute of Forensic Medicine Aarhus University Aarhus"},{"name":"Section of Forensic Medicine Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Everson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Oregon Health &amp; Science University Portland OR 97239"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean S.","family":"Kohles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Bioengineering Laboratory Department of Mechanical &amp; Materials Engineering Portland State University Portland OR 97201"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Oregon Health &amp; Science University Portland OR 97239"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Recreational boating statistics","author":"US Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast 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