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In this article, we study the expression profile of genes involved in the regulation and protection of telomere length, telomerase activity and apoptosis in samples from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smouldering multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content>) and plasma cell leukaemia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCL<\/jats:styled-content>), as well as several human myeloma cell lines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HMCL<\/jats:styled-content>s). Using conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization studies, we identified a high number of telomeric associations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content>s). Moreover, telomere length measurements by terminal restriction fragment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRF<\/jats:styled-content>) assay showed a shorter mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRF<\/jats:styled-content> peak value, with a consistent correlation with the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content>s. Using gene expression arrays and quantitative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> we identified the <jats:italic>h<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TERT<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> gene together with 16 other genes directly involved in telomere length maintenance: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSPA<\/jats:styled-content>9<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KRAS<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RB<\/jats:styled-content>1,<\/jats:italic> members of the Small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins family, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and 14\u20103\u20103 family. The expression levels of these genes were even higher than those in human embryonic stem cells (h<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and induced pluripotent stem cells (i<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSC<\/jats:styled-content>s), which have unlimited proliferation capacity. In conclusion, the gene signature suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> tumour cells are able to maintain stable short telomere lengths without exceeding the short critical length, allowing cell divisions to continue. We propose that this could be a mechanism contributing to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> tumour cells expansion in the bone marrow (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BM<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01628.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,4]],"date-time":"2012-09-04T15:51:19Z","timestamp":1346773879000},"page":"3009-3021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Expression profile of telomere\u2010associated genes in multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rafael D\u00edaz","family":"de la Guardia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Public Health System Biobank Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Consejer\u00eda de Salud \u2013 Universidad de Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purificaci\u00f3n","family":"Catalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Public Health System Biobank Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Consejer\u00eda de Salud \u2013 Universidad de Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Panero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Instituto de Investigaciones Hematol\u00f3gicas \u201cMariano R. Castex\u201d Academia Nacional de Medicina Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Elosua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Public Health System Biobank Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Consejer\u00eda de Salud \u2013 Universidad de Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Pulgarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Public Health System Biobank Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Consejer\u00eda de Salud \u2013 Universidad de Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Ayll\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENyO (Pfizer\u2010University of Granada\u2010Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research) Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gertrudis","family":"Ligero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Public Health System Biobank Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica Consejer\u00eda de Salud \u2013 Universidad de Granada Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Slavutsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Instituto de Investigaciones Hematol\u00f3gicas \u201cMariano R. 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