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We hypothesized that the peripheral leucocytes are recruited to uterine tissues by locally produced cytokines where they contribute to the initiation of parturition. Mouse uteri were collected (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) during gestation, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TL<\/jats:styled-content> and post\u2010partum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>), (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTL<\/jats:styled-content> initiated by intrauterine infusion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> (125\u00a0\u03bcg) or (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) injection of the progesterone receptor antagonist <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RU<\/jats:styled-content>486 and analysed for multiple cytokine expression levels by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 23\u2010plex Cytokine assay or enzymatically dispersed for assessment of immune cell populations. Markers of myeloid cell differentiation (Gr1, Neu7\/4 and F4\/80) were evaluated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FACS<\/jats:styled-content> to define tissue macrophages (Macs), monocytes (M) and neutrophils (N) and by immunohistochemistry to detect tissue Macs and N. Our results indicate that: (1) Macs were elevated in mouse myometrium before <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) followed by an increase in M and N; these changes were accompanied by an increase in multiple pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines\/chemokines genes. The expression of corresponding proteins increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>. (2) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RU<\/jats:styled-content>486\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTL<\/jats:styled-content> models showed similar gene\/protein expression profiles, (3) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTL<\/jats:styled-content> was characterized by strong pro\u2010inflammatory response and massive influx of N in myometrial tissues showing a pattern different from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RU<\/jats:styled-content>486\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTL<\/jats:styled-content>, (4) The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content> period appears similar in all three models, with elevated myometrial cytokine levels and high infiltration of immune cells. We concluded that leucocytes infiltrate myometrium around the time of parturition implicating their potential role in labour activation (both term and preterm) and major role in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content> uterine involution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01650.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T17:03:42Z","timestamp":1354640622000},"page":"90-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Myometrial immune cells contribute to term parturition, preterm labour and post\u2010partum involution in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Oksana","family":"Shynlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Nedd\u2010Roderique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld 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