{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:31:24Z","timestamp":1791037884645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>The pathogenesis of age\u2010related maculopathy (ARM), the most common cause of visual loss after the age of 60\u2003years, is indeed a complicated scenario that involves a variety of hereditary and environmental factors. The pathological cellular and molecular events underlying retinal photochemical light damage, including photoreceptor apoptosis, have been analysed in experimental animal models. Studies of age\u2010related alterations of the retina and photoreceptors, the accumulation of lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and the formation of drusen have greatly contributed to our knowledge. A new concept of an inflammatory response to drusen has emerged, suggesting immunogenic and systemic reactions in Bruch's membrane and the subretinal space. Oxidative stress and free radical damage also impact on the photoreceptors and RPE cells in the ageing eye. Based on the photoelectric effect, a fundamental concept in quantum physics, the consequences of high\u2010energy irradiation have been analysed in animal models and cell culture. Short\u2010wavelength radiation (rhodopsin spectrum), and the blue light hazard (excitation peak 440\u2003nm), have been shown to have a major impact on photoreceptor and RPE function, inducing photochemical damage and apoptotic cell death. Following cataract surgery, there is a dramatic change in ocular transmittance. In aphakic or pseudophakic eyes (with clear intraocular lenses), high\u2010energy (blue) and ultraviolet\u2010A radiation strikes the retina. Epidemiological data indicate a significantly increased 5\u2010year incidence of late ARM in non\u2010phakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. In recent years, putative prophylactic measures against ARM have emerged. The implantation of \u2018yellow\u2019 intraocular lenses (IOLs) that absorb high\u2010energy blue radiation is, from a theoretical point of view, the most rational approach, and, from a practical point of view, is easy to accomplish. With increasing age, RPE cells accumulate lipofuscin (chromophore A2E). It is noteworthy that the yellow IOL not only protects A2E\u2010laden human RPE cells from blue light (peak 430\u2003nm) damage, but also alleviates the detrimental effects of green (peak 550\u2003nm) and white light. A prophylactic treatment using antioxidants is aimed at counteracting oxidative stress and free radical cellular damage. The Age\u2010Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a randomized clinical trial, showed a significantly lower incidence of late ARM in a cohort of patients with drusen maculopathy treated with high doses of antioxidants than in a placebo group. In recent years, considerable progress in retinal research has been achieved, creating a platform for the search for new prophylactic and therapeutic measures to alleviate or prevent photoreceptor and RPE degeneration in ARM.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00627.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1138015298000},"page":"4-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":297,"title":["Age\u2010related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Peep V.","family":"Algvere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Seregard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.11.1621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.5.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(73)90185-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm950"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01624-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-1637(02)00008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00140-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"820","volume-title":"University Physics.","author":"Benson H","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Macular pigment and melanin in age\u2010related maculopathy in a general population","volume":"43","author":"Berendschot TTJM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.057794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"776","article-title":"Transmission of the ocular media","volume":"1","author":"Boettner EA","year":"1962","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(93)87085-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00227-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.9.996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.3.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.6.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.996550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.1032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.7.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090040106042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Sunlight and the 5\u2010year incidence of early age\u2010related maculopathy. 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