{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T05:57:29Z","timestamp":1794203849052,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,2]],"date-time":"2007-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1186012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sir Charles Bell (1774\u20131842) was a Scottish anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist and surgeon, who enjoyed a distinguished career in teaching and clinical practice in London between 1804 and 1836. In 1814, he was appointed to the surgical staff of the Middlesex Hospital. In 1824, he was elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and shortly afterwards was elected Professor of Physiology at the University of London. In 1831, he was knighted on the accession of William IV. In 1836, he was elected to the Chair of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh, and remained there until his death in 1842, at 68 years of age. During his career, Bell was a prolific medical author, a brilliant medical researcher and a skilled artist. In 1811, he discovered the distinct functions of the motor and sensory nerves, findings that were initially published in a pamphlet entitled \u2018Ideas of a New Anatomy of the Brain\u2019. In 1821, Bell described the long thoracic nerve, which supplies the serratus anterior muscle, and which now bears his name. In the same paper he showed that lesions of the seventh cranial nerve produce facial paralysis (now termed Bell's palsy). He also demonstrated that the fifth cranial nerve is of sensory importance to the face and controls the muscles of mastication, whereas the seventh cranial nerve principally controls the muscles of facial expression. Bell published research on a number of ophthalmological subjects. This paper reviews some of these latter achievements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,7]],"date-time":"2007-08-07T01:47:58Z","timestamp":1186451278000},"page":"897-901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sir Charles Bell (1774\u22121842): contributions to neuro\u2010ophthalmology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","first-page":"950","volume-title":"Dictionary of national biography 4","author":"Baston KG","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","volume-title":"A system of dissections, explaining the anatomy of the human body, the manner of displaying the parts and their varieties in disease","author":"Bell C","year":"1798"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","volume-title":"A system of dissections, explaining the anatomy of the human body, the manner of displaying the parts and their varieties in disease","author":"Bell C","year":"1799"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","unstructured":"BellC(1803a):A system of dissections explaining the anatomy of the human body the manner of displaying the parts and their varieties in disease. Vol. 2 Part 2. Containing the dissections of the superficial parts of the neck and face with remarks connecting the anatomy and surgery of the parts; a view of the nervous system of the viscera; with a short account of the manner of dissecting the brain and eye. Edinburgh:Mundell & Son; London: Longman & Rees see: Plate V and associated text."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the human body","author":"Bell C","year":"1803"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the human body. Vol. 4. Containing the anatomy of the viscera of the abdomen, the parts in the male and female pelvis, and the lymphatic system. In 4 Parts, with an Appendix","author":"Bell C","year":"1804"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","volume-title":"Essays on the anatomy of expression in painting","author":"Bell C","year":"1806"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","volume-title":"System of operative surgery","author":"Bell C","year":"1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","volume-title":"System of operative surgery","author":"Bell C","year":"1809"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","volume-title":"A dissertation on gunshot wounds.","author":"Bell C","year":"1814"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1823.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1823.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","unstructured":"BellC(1824):An exposition of the natural system of nerves of the human body: with a re\u2010publication of the papers delivered to the Royal Society on the subject of nerves. London:A & R Spottiswoode."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the human body. Vol 1. Containing the anatomy of the bones, muscles, and joints","author":"Bell J","year":"1797"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the human body. Vol 2. Containing the anatomy of the heart and arteries","author":"Bell J","year":"1797"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","volume-title":"Letters of Sir Charles Bell, KH, FRSL and E. Selected from his correspondence with his brother George Joseph Bell","author":"Bell M","year":"1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","volume-title":"A dictionary of the law of Scotland. Intended for the use of the public at large as well as of the profession","author":"Bell R","year":"1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","volume-title":"A dictionary of the law of Scotland. Intended for the use of the public at large as well as of the profession","author":"Bell R","year":"1808"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen","author":"Chambers R","year":"1835"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","first-page":"324","volume-title":"History of Scottish medicine","author":"Comrie JD","year":"1932"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"The Royal College of Surgeons of England: a history.","author":"Cope Z","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Sir Charles Bell: the man and his work","volume":"21","author":"Corson ER","year":"1910","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_1","first-page":"925","volume-title":"Dictionary of national biography 4","author":"Gordon WM","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_1","volume-title":"Sir Charles Bell: his life and times","author":"Gordon\u2010Taylor G","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"A history of medicine","author":"Guthrie D","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_1","first-page":"911","volume-title":"Dictionary of national biography 4","author":"Jacyna LS","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2005.04-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2005.03-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"An early Caesarean operation (1800) performed by John and Charles Bell","volume":"39","author":"Kaufman MH","year":"1994","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_1","volume-title":"Catalogue of the anatomical preparations of Dr William Hunter in the museum of the anatomy department","author":"Marshall AJ","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Sir Charles Bell","volume":"86","author":"Pearce JMS","year":"1993","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199903000-00054","article-title":"An early description of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system by Sir Charles Bell","volume":"103","author":"Pessa JE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Medical portrait gallery","author":"Pettigrew TJ","year":"1839"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_1","volume-title":"Narrative of the discoveries of Sir Charles Bell in the nervous system","author":"Shaw A","year":"1839"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_1","volume-title":"An Account of Sir Charles Bell's classification of the nervous system","author":"Shaw A","year":"1844"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_1","volume-title":"An Account of Sir Charles Bell's discoveries in the nervous system.","author":"Shaw A","year":"1860"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Reprint of the \u2018Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain submitted for the observations of his friends; by Charles Bell, FRSE', to which are added selections from letters written by the author of the essay to his brother, Professor George Joseph Bell, between the years 1807 and 1821","volume":"3","author":"Shaw A","year":"1868","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Historical sketch of the Edinburgh Anatomical School","author":"Struthers J","year":"1867"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480180117012"}],"container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0420.2007.00972.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T21:06:11Z","timestamp":1696971971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00972.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1395-3907","1600-0420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1395-3907","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0420","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,7]]}}}