{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:23:25Z","timestamp":1788233005014,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]],"date-time":"2012-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychiatr Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stein J, Luppa M, Maier W, Wagner M, Wolfsgruber S, Scherer M, K\u00f6hler M, Eisele M, Weyerer S, Werle J, Bickel H, M\u00f6sch E, Wiese B, Prokein J, Pentzek M, Fuchs A, Leicht H, K\u00f6nig H\u2010H, Riedel\u2010Heller SG for the AgeCoDe Study Group. Assessing cognitive changes in the elderly: Reliable Change Indices for the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The diagnosis of dementia includes evidence of decline in cognitive functioning over time measured by objective cognitive tasks. Normative data for changes adjusted for the impact of socio\u2010demographic factors on cognitive test performance are lacking to interpret changes in Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) test scores.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:\u2002<\/jats:bold> As part of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe Study), a sample of 1090 cognitively healthy individuals, aged 75\u2003years and older, was assessed at 1.5\u2010year intervals over a period of 4.5\u2003years using the MMSE. Age\u2010 and education\u2010specific Reliable Change Indices (RCIs) were computed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Age and education were significantly associated with MMSE test performance, and gender indicated no impact. Across different age and education subgroups, changes from at least 2 up to 3 points indicated significant (i.e., reliable) changes in MMSE test scores at the 90% confidence level. Furthermore, the calculation of RCIs for individual patients is demonstrated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study provides age\u2010 and education\u2010specific MMSE norms based upon RCI methods to interpret cognitive changes in older age groups. The computation of RCI scores improves the interpretation of changes in MMSE test scores by controlling for measurement error, practice effects, or regression to the mean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01850.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]],"date-time":"2012-02-29T18:43:52Z","timestamp":1330541032000},"page":"208-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Assessing cognitive changes in the elderly: Reliable Change Indices for the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Luppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wolfsgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Eisele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Weyerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Werle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"M\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Prokein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pentzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Leicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u2010H.","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"Riedel\u2010Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the AgeCoDe Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u2010DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799544068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000289779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.000293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;FT622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(84)80002-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.7.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2006.00137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0104-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1223473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.7.857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180547053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500180078038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000235710.17450.9a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140488.65299.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-002-0068-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","volume-title":"SIDAM \u2010 Strukturiertes Interview f\u00fcr die Diagnose einer Demenz vom Alzheimer Typ, der Multi\u2010Infarkt\u2010 (oder vaskul\u00e4ren) Demenz und Demenzen anderer \u00c4tiologie nach DSM\u2010III\u2010R, DSM\u2010IV und ICD\u201010 (SIDAM\u2010Handbuch)","author":"Zaudig M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700014811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","volume-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version","author":"Sheik JI","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Educational reform in France, West\u2010Germany and the United Kingdom: updating the CASMIN educational classification","volume":"44","author":"Brauns H","year":"1999","journal-title":"ZUMA-Nachrichten"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318209dd08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199710)12:10<1008::AID-GPS676>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0290-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988710363714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3_Suppl_3.S11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610200006359"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21915"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01481.x"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.2012.01850.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01850.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T21:03:11Z","timestamp":1698786191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01850.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01850.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01850.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-690X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]}}}