{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:38:49Z","timestamp":1791175129751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytolethal distending toxin, a bacterial exotoxin produced by a number of Gram\u2010negative species, causes growth arrest and morphological alterations in host cells. Among these species are <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>, the etiological agent of chancroid, and the periodontal pathogen <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>, highly implicated in localized aggressive periodontitis. CDT induces receptor activator of NF\u2010\u03c7B ligand (RANKL) expression in periodontal fibroblasts, the key bone\u2010resorbing cytokine. T\u2010cells are actively involved in localized inflammation\u2010induced bone destruction, including periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of purified CDT on the expression of RANKL and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), in the Jurkat T\u2010cell line. Quantitative real\u2010time PCR indicated that 100 pg\/ml of purified <jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic> CDT upregulated RANKL mRNA expression by 2.2\u2010fold, after 24 h of exposure. This increase was corroborated by a 2.0\u2010fold increase in RANKL protein release, as determined by ELISA. OPG was not detected in this experimental system. In conclusion, CDT enhances RANKL expression in T\u2010cells, denoting that these cells are a potential target for the toxin and strengthening the potential link between this virulence factor and mechanisms associated with localized bone resorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2008.01017.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T14:59:29Z","timestamp":1218639569000},"page":"499-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cytolethal distending toxin upregulates RANKL expression in Jurkat T\u2010cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"GEORGIOS 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