{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:40:03Z","timestamp":1705905603620},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hamad M. Universal vaccines: shifting to one for many or shooting too high too soon! APMIS 2011.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Switching from conventional strain\u2010specific vaccines to multi\u2010strain or multi\u2010species universal vaccines is both justified and scientifically merited. Long\u2010term cross\u2010protective universal vaccines eliminate the need for repetitive short\u2010term vaccination campaigns and short\u2010notice vaccine redesign during impending epidemics. They also have the potential to be cost\u2010effective, convenient, and amenable to stockpiling. Ongoing advances in genomics and reverse vaccinology along with the perceived ability of vaccines, if properly formulated, to induce cross\u2010protective adaptive immunity and long\u2010term T cell memory are at the heart of this trend. Consequently, the search for universal vaccines against influenza, HIV, and many other viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens has intensified in recent years. Currently, several universal influenza vaccines are at different phases of clinical evaluation. That said, vaccine\u2010related differential effectiveness, escape mutants, pathogen strain replacement, limited scope of cross\u2010protective immunity, and diminished potential to reach optimal herd immunity thresholds present serious challenges to the concept and applicability of universal vaccines. Herein, the case for and the case against universal vaccines are investigated to realistically appreciate their prospects of success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02776.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T11:21:16Z","timestamp":1308828076000},"page":"565-573","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Universal vaccines: shifting to one for many or shooting too high too 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