{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T08:31:39Z","timestamp":1769329899756,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]],"date-time":"2011-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>El\u2010Nakeeb MA, Abou\u2010Shleib HM, Khalil AM, Omar HG, El\u2010Halfawy OM. Reversal of antibiotic resistance in Gram\u2010positive bacteria by the antihistaminic azelastine. APMIS 2012; 120: 215\u201320.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Antibiotic resistance represents a serious problem that complicates microbial infection. The use of \u2018helper compounds\u2019 capable of enhancing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics is being investigated. Azelastine, a new generation antihistaminic, possesses certain antibacterial activity and is capable of inducing alteration in the bacterial membrane permeability. Hence, we hypothesized that it could reverse resistance to antibiotics. Azelastine significantly increased the antibacterial activity of eight antibiotics belonging to five different classes (\u03b2\u2010lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines) against nine Gram\u2010positive clinical isolates: five <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, two <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and two <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>, seven of which were multi\u2010drug resistant, reversing their resistance to the tested antibiotics. The synergistic effects of azelastine with the studied antibiotics increased with raising the pH from 5 to 8. Antibiotics did not affect the ability of azelastine to alter the permeability of a liposomal artificial membrane model, an effect thought to be critical for the interaction with antibiotics. The findings of this study present azelastine as a potential \u2018helper compound\u2019 that could reverse the resistance of multi\u2010drug resistant Gram\u2010positive clinical isolates to antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02823.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]],"date-time":"2011-10-25T08:35:39Z","timestamp":1319531739000},"page":"215-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reversal of antibiotic resistance in Gram\u2010positive bacteria by the antihistaminic azelastine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"MOUSTAFA A.","family":"EL\u2010NAKEEB","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HAMIDA M.","family":"ABOU\u2010SHLEIB","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AMAL M.","family":"KHALIL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HODA G.","family":"OMAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"OMAR M.","family":"EL\u2010HALFAWY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization.World health statistics 2008. 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