{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1786707822798,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]],"date-time":"2012-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Yimer SA, Agonafir M, Derese Y, Sani Y, Bjune GA, Holm\u2010Hansen C. Primary drug resistance to anti\u2010tuberculosis drugs in major towns of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. APMIS 2012; 120: 503\u20139.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Drug resistance is a major obstacle to effective TB control program performance. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of primary drug resistance in <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (Mtb) isolates in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 112 Mtb isolates from cases with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB were subjected to drug susceptibility testing (DST) in a cross\u2010sectional study. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin using the MGIT 960 protocol. A total of 93 Mtb isolates yielded valid DST results and 28 (30.1%) were resistant to one or more of first line anti\u2010TB drugs. One isolate (1.0%) was multi\u2010drug resistant (MDR), five (5.4%) were classified as poly\u2010resistant and 22 showed single drug resistance to either streptomycin (n\u2003=\u200319) or isoniazid (n\u2003=\u20033). Isolates from HIV\u2010positive patients were more likely to be resistant to at least one of the four anti\u2010TB drugs compared with HIV\u2010negative individuals (odds ratio 2.76, 95% confidence interval 1.06\u20137.22; p\u2003=\u20030.03). The study showed a high prevalence of primary drug resistance. Even though the prevalence of MDR was low, conditions that can contribute to the development of MDR are increasing. Therefore, regular monitoring of drug resistance and enhanced implementation of TB\/HIV collaborative activities in the study region are imperative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02861.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]],"date-time":"2012-01-12T14:52:53Z","timestamp":1326379973000},"page":"503-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Primary drug resistance to anti\u2010tuberculosis drugs in major towns of Amhara region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"SOLOMON ABEBE","family":"YIMER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MULUALEM","family":"AGONAFIR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YOHANNES","family":"DERESE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YUSUF","family":"SANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GUNNAR A","family":"BJUNE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CAROL","family":"HOLM\u2010HANSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing","author":"World Health Organization. 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