{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:28:14Z","timestamp":1789187294276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]],"date-time":"2004-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clinic Periodontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives: <\/jats:bold> To test whether neutrophil numbers are directly correlated with interleukin\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis, and to investigate the effects of smoking on these parameters.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods: <\/jats:bold> A total of 99 GCF samples from 33 patients (14 smokers) suffering from severe chronic periodontitis were collected using Durapore\u2122 filter strips. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) numbers were counted using a Coulter cell counter and IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> levels were determined by ELISA. Total GCF protein was measured by Bio\u2010Rad assay as a surrogate measure of GCF volume.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Mean IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> concentrations were significantly reduced in smokers compared with non\u2010smokers (non\u2010smokers: 3.29\u00b12.02\u2003pg\/<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g protein, smokers 1.59\u00b11.13\u2003pg\/<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g protein). There was no association between PMN numbers and IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> concentrations found when analysed either by site or by patient. PMN numbers were not significantly different between the two groups (non\u2010smokers: 1.16 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u00b11.04 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>; smokers: 7.30 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u00b18.07 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>). Smoking did not affect mean total protein concentration of samples.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> Smoking significantly decreased IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> concentrations in GCF without affecting GCF volume sampled. The lack of association between IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> concentration and neutrophil numbers suggests that the reduced IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> concentrations seen in smokers is independent of any possible effect of smoking on neutrophil chemotaxis, and further suggests that smoking may directly inhibit IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2004.00489.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]],"date-time":"2004-04-13T12:24:22Z","timestamp":1081859062000},"page":"390-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The association between neutrophil numbers and interleukin\u20101\u03b1 concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid of smokers and non\u2010smokers with periodontal disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis J.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2001.280813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027004250.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2001.281208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1988.tb02263.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1990.tb01202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60642-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.300201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.3.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis","author":"Haber J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Periodontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.2.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1980.tb00262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.7.675"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.11.1545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1990.tb01038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1993.tb01048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.2.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.12.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1991.tb01649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027009682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.1.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2002.01034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790110801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"416","article-title":"Interleukin\u20101 and bone metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Tatakis D. 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