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Hand searching included searches of the<jats:italic>Journal of Clinical Periodontology<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Journal of Periodontal Research<\/jats:italic>and the<jats:italic>Journal of Periodontology<\/jats:italic>. Bibliographies of narrative reviews, conference proceedings and relevant texts known to the authors were also searched. Inclusion of titles, abstracts and ultimately full texts was based on consensus between three reviewers.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>The full texts of 29 papers were read and 18 texts were eligible for inclusion. One abstract from EuroPerio 5 reported a randomized\u2010controlled clinical trial [Level I evidence] in which the authors concluded that the toothbrushes significantly reduced recessions on buccal tooth surfaces over 18 months. Of the remaining 17 observational studies, two concluded that there appeared to be no relationship between tooth brushing frequency and gingival recession. Eight studies reported a positive association between tooth brushing frequency and recession. Other potential risk factors were duration of tooth brushing, brushing force, frequency of changing the toothbrush, brush (bristle) hardness and tooth brushing technique. None of the observational studies satisfied all the specified criteria for quality appraisal and a valid appraisal of the quality of the randomized\u2010controlled trial was not possible.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>The data to support or refute the association between tooth brushing and gingival recession are inconclusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2007.01149.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,24]],"date-time":"2007-10-24T04:24:54Z","timestamp":1193199894000},"page":"1046-1061","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Does tooth brushing influence the development and progression of non\u2010inflammatory gingival recession? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"P. Sunethra","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giles I.","family":"McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Gwynnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick D.","family":"Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arndt","family":"Guentsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Heasman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Gingival recession at the University College Hospital, Ibadan \u2013 prevalence and effect of some aetiological factors","volume":"29","author":"Arowojolu M. 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