{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:26:35Z","timestamp":1784647595972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]],"date-time":"2004-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1084924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comm Dent Oral Epid"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract\u2003\u2013\u2003<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Objectives:<\/jats:italic>\u2002This study was designed to determine the optimal concentrations of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan. Clinical dental examination of 1020 school children aged 12\u2003years was carried out in 19 cities of Pakistan. Correlation between concentrations of water fluoride, caries and fluorosis was investigated by analyzing the data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water in the sampled population for which the caries and the fluorosis levels were also measured. <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic>\u2002The optimal level of fluoride in drinking water is universally calculated by applying the equation of Galagan and Vermillion, which permits the calculation of water intake as a function of temperature. The annual mean maximum temperatures (AMMT) recorded during the last 5\u2003years were collected from the meteorological centres of the 28 divisional headquarter stations. The average AMMT of Pakistan is 29\u00b0C at which the optimal fluoride in drinking water of Pakistan was calculated to be 0.7\u2003ppm. As drinking habits differ in various parts of the world, determination of optimal concentration of fluoride for drinking water in Pakistan was performed using a modified Galagan and Vermillion equation, which applies a correction factor of 0.56 to the equation. The optimal fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan using this modified equation was determined to be 0.39\u2003ppm. <jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic>\u2002Observation of the correlation showed that a fluoride concentration of 0.35\u2003ppm in drinking water was associated with maximum reduction in dental caries and a 10% prevalence of fluorosis. <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\u2002Determining the most appropriate concentrations of fluoride in drinking water is crucial for communities. It is imperative that each country calculates its own optimal level of fluoride in drinking water based on the dose\u2013response relationship of fluoride in drinking water with the levels of caries and fluorosis. Climatic conditions, dietary habits of the population and other possible fluoride exposures need to be considered in formulating these recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]],"date-time":"2004-05-19T10:02:08Z","timestamp":1084960928000},"page":"166-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Determining the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ayyaz Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Whelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"O'Mullane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4584182"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Dental caries and fluorine","author":"Dean HT","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4589806"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016504"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1998.tb01958.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","author":"Locker D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Benefits and risks of water fluoridation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1934.0220"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1984.0268"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1995.tb02332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Fluoride levels in drinking water of Pakistan","volume":"39","author":"Khan AA.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pak J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use.Fluorides and oral health. Technical Report Series 846 WHO;1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","unstructured":"Tetra\u2010Pak.The utilisation pattern of milk in Pakistan Market Report.Lahore: Tetra\u2010Pak (pvt) Ltd;1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","volume-title":"Pakistan demographic and health survey \u2013 1990\u201391","author":"NIPS","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1995.tb02329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","first-page":"486","article-title":"Anticaries effect of various concentrations of fluoride in fluoride in drinking water: evaluation of empirical evidence","volume":"95","author":"Eklund SA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1997.tb02964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","first-page":"608","article-title":"Fluoridgehaltuntersuchung des Trinkwassers in Osterreich 1993 (Analysis of the fluoride content of drinking water in Austria 1993)","volume":"106","author":"Nell A;","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Spatial variation of fluorosis and fluoride content of water in an endemic area in Bophuthatswana","volume":"46","author":"Zietsman S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dent Assoc S Afr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.1995.tb00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91073-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1992.tb00700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345860650050501"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01264.x"}],"container-title":["Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1697200963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2004.00152.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-5661","1600-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-5661","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]}}}