{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:06:46Z","timestamp":1790755606064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]],"date-time":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> The monomeric isocyanates diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 2,4\u2010toluene diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 1,6\u2010hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) are used in polyurethane products and sometimes cause contact allergy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives.<\/jats:bold> To describe patients with isocyanate contact allergy in an occupational dermatology clinic.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Test files were screened for allergic reactions to isocyanates and 4,4\u2032\u2010diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA). Patients with allergic reactions to some of the allergens were analysed for occupation, exposure, concomitant reactions to other allergens, and diagnosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Over a period of almost 13 years, 54 patients reacted to isocyanates (9 to IPDI, 12 to MDI, 6 to TDI, and 1 to HDI) or MDA (44 patients). The motor vehicle, electronics and paint industries, and painting and construction work, were among the most significant occupational fields. An in\u2010house polymeric MDI (PMDI) test substance was superior to commercial MDI preparations. About half of the occupational cases related to MDI products were diagnosed by testing MDA. The most prominent cause of IPDI allergy comprised polyurethane paint hardeners. Some of the IPDI reactions could be explained by cross\u2010allergy to isophoronediamine in epoxy products. Specific exposure to MDA was difficult to trace.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> MDA and PMDI test substances were significant in the diagnosis of MDI contact allergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02049.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]],"date-time":"2012-03-19T09:31:47Z","timestamp":1332149507000},"page":"78-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Occupational contact allergy to monomeric isocyanates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Aalto\u2010Korte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri","family":"Suuronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"Kuuliala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maj\u2010Len","family":"Henriks\u2010Eckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Jolanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07677-4_75"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2003.00123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2003.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01375.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2003.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00498b.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Release 2011)","author":"Six C","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2002.1o3314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.440506.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01183884"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2004.04013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb05246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1979.tb05540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90093-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2003.00064.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01786.x","article-title":"Contact allergy to aliphatic polyisocyanates based on hexamethylene\u20101,6\u2010diisocyanate (HDI).","volume":"63","author":"Aalto\u2010Korte K","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(96)03798-8"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0536.2011.02049.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02049.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:31:06Z","timestamp":1698751866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02049.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02049.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02049.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]]}}}