{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:01:47Z","timestamp":1793235707219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]],"date-time":"2004-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1098748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Extraneuronal acetylcholine (ACh) has been demonstrated to influence a plethora of cutaneous cell functions in an autocrine, paracrine and endocrine fashion. Through the differentiation\u2010specific expression of its different nicotinic (nACh\u2010R) and muscarinic (mACh\u2010R) receptors, ACh acts upon keratinocyte proliferation and migration, terminal differentiation and barrier formation, sweat and sebum secretion as well as microcirculation and angiogenesis. Only very recently it has been recognized that acetylcholinesterase, but not cholineacetyltransferase, activity is regulated by hydrogen peroxide. Considering that the outer layer of the human skin can be a target for UV\u2010generated H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the millimolar range, this mechanism needs to be taken into account for the regulation of ACh homeostasis in skin biology. Consequently, ACh can accumulate, as shown, for example, in the depigmentation process in vitiligo. There is a highly regulated distribution of ACh\u2010R in human epidermis and adnexal structures, supporting previously observed effects of cholinergic compounds on keratinocyte biology. Most significantly, the regulated expression of ACh\u2010R in sebaceous glands advocates a role for ACh in sebum production and as a promoter of sebocyte differentiation, thus offering an explanation for skin diseases associated with altered sebum production after chronic nicotine exposure. So far, ACh\u2010induced sweat production has been thought to be under the exclusive control of mACh\u2010R. However, recently, the presence of both different nACh\u2010R and mACh\u2010R in myoepithelial and acinar cells of eccrine sweat glands has been documented, indicating a more complex regulation of sweat production and expulsion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2004.00258.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]],"date-time":"2004-10-26T13:28:25Z","timestamp":1098797305000},"page":"27-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Novel aspects in cutaneous biology of acetylcholine synthesis and acetylcholine receptors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hjalmar","family":"Kurzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin 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