{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:09:09Z","timestamp":1773835749850,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]],"date-time":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The trimethylated amino acid <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine plays a key role in the intramitochondrial transport of fatty acids for \u03b2\u2010oxidation and thus serves important functions in energy metabolism. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine, a frequently employed dietary supplement, may also stimulate hair growth by increasing energy supply to the massively proliferating and energy\u2010consuming anagen hair matrix. Hair follicles (HFs) in the anagen VI stage of the hair cycle were cultured in the presence of 0.5\u201350\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine\u2013<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010tartrate (CT) for 9\u2003days. At day 9, HFs treated with 5\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> or 0.5\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> of CT showed a moderate, but significant stimulation of hair shaft elongation compared with vehicle\u2010treated controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). Also, CT prolonged the duration of anagen VI, down regulated apoptosis (as measured by TUNEL assay) and up regulated proliferation (as measured by Ki67 immunohistology) of hair matrix keratinocytes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.5). By immunohistology, intrafollicular immunoreactivity for TGF\u03b22, a key catagen\u2010promoting growth factor, in the dermal papilla and TGF\u2010\u03b2 II receptor protein in the outer root sheath and dermal papilla was down regulated. As shown by caspase activity assay, caspase 3 and 7, which are known to initiate apoptosis, are down regulated at day 2 and day 4 after treatment of HFs with CT compared with vehicle\u2010treated control indicating that CT has an immediate protective effect on HFs to undergo programmed cell death. Our findings suggest that <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine stimulates human scalp hair growth by up regulation of proliferation and down regulation of apoptosis in follicular keratinocytes <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. They further encourage one to explore topical and nutraceutical administration of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine as a well\u2010tolerated, relatively safe <jats:italic>adjuvant<\/jats:italic> treatment in the management of androgenetic alopecia and other forms of hair loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00611.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]],"date-time":"2007-10-10T06:51:09Z","timestamp":1191999069000},"page":"936-945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["<scp>L<\/scp>\u2010Carnitine\u2013<scp>L<\/scp>\u2010tartrate promotes human hair growth <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Foitzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edo","family":"Hoting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pertile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Paus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1321.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1801-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201033489829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"Biochemical and pharmacological relevance of carnitine","volume":"20","author":"Di Lisa F","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rivista Italiana di Nutrzione ed Enterale"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.028126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200111000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024481016187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Monograph. 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