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In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine\u2010release from a subset of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. 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