{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:16:12Z","timestamp":1793477772025,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1194912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Medical Primatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Barbiturate euthanasia solutions are a humane and approved means of euthanasia. Overdosing causes significant tissue damage in a variety of laboratory animals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> One hundred seventeen non\u2010human primates (NHP) representing 7 species including 12 fetuses euthanized for humane and research reasons by various vascular routes with Euthasol, Sodium Pentobarbital, Fatal Plus, Beuthanasia D, or Euthanasia 5 were evaluated for euthanasia\u2010induced tissue damage. Lungs and livers were histologically graded for hemolysis, vascular damage, edema, and necrosis. Severity of tissue damage was analyzed for differences on the basis of agent, age, sex, dose, and injection route.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Severity of tissue damage was directly related to dose and the intracardiac injection route, but did not differ by species, sex, and agent used.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> When the recommended dose of agent was used, tissue damage was generally reduced, minimal, or undetectable. Barbiturate\u2010induced artifacts in NHPs are essentially the same as in other laboratory species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2007.00271.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,16]],"date-time":"2007-11-16T01:22:42Z","timestamp":1195176162000},"page":"154-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Barbiturate euthanasia solution\u2010induced tissue artifact in nonhuman primates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"J.L.","family":"Grieves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"E.J.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.E.","family":"Schlabritz\u2010Loutsevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.D.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.M.","family":"Leland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.E.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.W.","family":"Nathanielsz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.B.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711193172105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"ACLAM task force: report of the ACLAM task force on rodent euthanasia","volume":"45","author":"Artwohl J","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The effect of euthanasia technique on vascular arachidonic acid metabolism and vascular and intestinal smooth muscle contractility","volume":"40","author":"Butler MM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y95-179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"Histopathologic changes in laboratory animals resulting from various methods of euthanasia","volume":"26","author":"Feldman DB","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200110000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","volume-title":"Foetal Pain: An Update of Current Scientific Knowledge","author":"Fitzgerald M","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(99)80029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00298-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7060.796"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"510","article-title":"The effect of mouse euthanasia technique on subsequent lymphocyte\u2010proliferation and cell\u2010mediated lympholysis assays","volume":"40","author":"Howard HL","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Management of fetal pain during invasive fetal procedures. 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