{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:52:34Z","timestamp":1793987554096,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,22]],"date-time":"2012-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1345593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Oral Pathology Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> has been suggested to contribute to epithelial dysplasia and oral carcinogenesis. Oral lichen planus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content>), oral lichenoid lesion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLL<\/jats:styled-content>) and oral leukoplakia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OL<\/jats:styled-content>) are potentially carcinogenic oral diseases where colonisation by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> is common, but acetaldehyde production by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> has not been studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetaldehyde production in ethanol (11\u00a0mM), glucose (100\u00a0mM), ethanol\u2013glucose (11\u00a0mM and 100\u00a0mM) or red wine (1200\u00a0mM ethanol) incubation by <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLP<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) was measured by gas chromatography. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their smoking habits and alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> isolates produced potentially carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde (&gt;100\u00a0\u03bcM) in all incubations containing ethanol. The control group isolates produced the highest acetaldehyde levels. Isolates from smokers produced more acetaldehyde in all incubations than those from non\u2010smokers. The difference was significant in ethanol\u2013glucose incubation. Isolates from patients who were both smokers and drinkers produced the highest amounts when incubated in ethanol, ethanol\u2013glucose and wine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> isolated from potentially carcinogenic oral diseases can produce mutagenic amounts of acetaldehyde. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may favour adaptational changes resulting in the upregulation of candidal acetaldehyde metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2012.01203.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,22]],"date-time":"2012-08-22T08:28:47Z","timestamp":1345624127000},"page":"243-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by <i>Candida albicans<\/i> from patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"M. L.","family":"Gainza\u2010Cirauqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Unit Dental Clinic Service University of the Basque Country\/EHU Bilbao Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology Medical Mycology Unit University of the Basque Country\/EHU Bilbao Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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