{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:53:33Z","timestamp":1776120813582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J Oral Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although interferon\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> (IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) plays a critical role in periodontitis, no information is available regarding the effect of smoking on this cytokine in the periodontium. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking on the IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> levels in gingival tissue from patients with chronic periodontitis. Sixty\u2010two patients were assigned to three groups: healthy [non\u2010smoking and periodontally healthy individuals (probing depth \u2264 3\u2003mm and no bleeding on probing; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12)]; periodontitis [non\u2010smokers clinically diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (probing depth \u2265 5\u2003mm and bleeding on probing; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25)]; and smoking [smokers (\u2265 1 pack\/day for at least 10\u2003yr) diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200325)]. Gingival biopsies were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Regardless of smoking status, diseased patients presented higher levels of IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> than peridontally healthy patients. In sites with comparable types of periodontitis, smoking increased both protein and mRNA levels of IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> in gingival tissue. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that modulation of periodontal tissue destruction by smoking may involve its effect on IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00397.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T08:23:22Z","timestamp":1160036602000},"page":"403-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Smoking modulates interferon\u2010<i>\u03b3<\/i> expression in the gingival tissue of patients with chronic periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o B.","family":"C\u00e9sar\u2010Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poliana M.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Claudia G.","family":"De 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